I oral short test Flashcards
Voiced Consonants
B, D, G, J, L, M, N, Ng, R, Sz, Th (as in the word “then”), V, W, Y, and Z.
Voiceless Consonants
Ch, F, K, P, S, Sh, T, and Th (as in “thing”).
Vowels
Vowel sounds (A, E, I, O, U) and diphthongs (combinations of two vowel sounds) are all voiced. That also includes the letter Y when pronounced like a long E.
pronuciation in past simple form of regular verbs
- If the “ed” is preceded by a voiceless consonant such as K, it should be pronounced as a voiceless T. Examples: parked, barked, marked
- If the “ed” is preceded by a voiced consonant sound such as B or V, it should be pronounced as a voiced D. Examples: robbed, thrived, shoved
- If the “ed” is preceded by a vowel sound, it should be pronounced as a voiced D because vowels are always voiced. Examples: freed, fried, lied
- Exception: If the “ed” is preceded by T, it should be pronounced a voiced “id” sound. In this case, the “e” is pronounced. Examples: dotted, rotted, plotted
IN
- General
- Parts of days
- Months
- Years
- Centuries
- Neighborhood
- cities
- countries
- Places with a boundary
ON
- Holydays with “day”
- days of the week
- days of the month
- dates
- Streets
- avenues
- islands
- large vehicles
- surfaces
AT
- Specific
- Holydays without “day”
- time
- adresses
- specific location
- points
Countable Noun
Anything that can be counted, whether singular – a dog, a house, a friend, etc. or plural – a few books, lots of oranges, etc. is a countable noun.
Uncountable Noun
Anything that cannot be counted is an uncountable noun. Even though uncountable nouns are not individual objects, they are always singular and one must always use singular verbs in conjunction with uncountable nouns.
Use of “Some” in COUNTABLE (PLURAL)
AFFIRMATIVE: I’ve got some new glasses
INTERROGATIVE: Can I take some biscuits?
Use of “Some” in UNCOUNTABLE
AFFIRMATIVE: I have some money.
INTERROGATIVE : Can I have some milk?
- Some is not used in negative sentences and is only used in interrogative sentences when these are requests or offers.
Use of “Any” in COUNTABLE (PLURAL)
NEGATIVE: I haven’t got any clean socks.
INTERROGATIVE: Have you got any sisters?
Use of “Any” in UNCOUNTABLE
NEGATIVE: There isn’t any homework.
INTERROGATIVE: Is there any sugar?
*Any is not used in affirmative sentences or in countable words in the singular.
A lot of
Generally in affirmative sentences: to express a large number of elements
Some
In affirmative and interrogative sentences: indeterminate quantitative value
Any
In negative sentences: null quantitative value.
In interrogative sentences: indefinite amount
Use of verb “like”
the verb like speaks of a preference, and is followed either with a noun or with a verb in gerund.
Use of “Would you like”
Would like translate to “gustaría” and is used to offer or ask for something.
Use of “much”
Much is used with uncountable things
Use of “many”
Many is used with countable things
Comparatives
- For adjectives that are just one syllable, add -er to the end.
- For two-syllable adjectives not ending in -y and for all three-or-more-syllable adjectives, use the form “more + adjective.”
- For two-syllable adjectives ending in -y, change the -y to -i and add -er.
Superlatives
- For adjectives that are just one syllable, add -est to the end.
- For two-syllable adjectives not ending in -y and for all three-or-more-syllable adjectives, use the form “most + adjective.”
- For two-syllable adjectives ending in -y, change the -y to -i and add -est.
