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Immune & Lympatic System > I & L > Flashcards

I & L Flashcards

1
Q

What is the function of memory cells?

A

They remember the same pathogen for faster antibody production in future infections.

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2
Q

What is the function of suppressor T-cells?

A

They modulate the immune system, maintain tolerance to antigens and prevent autoimmune disease.

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3
Q

Plasma cells make?

A

Antibody molecules.

They bind to the target antigen and initiate its destruction of neutralization.

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4
Q

The lymphatic system consists of what?

A

Two semi-independent parts:

  • lymphatic vessels
  • lymphatic tissues and organs
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5
Q

What are the lymphatic system functions?

A
  • Transport fluids back to the blood.

- Body defense and resistance to disease.

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6
Q

What is lymph?

A

Excess tissue fluid carried by lymphatic vessels.

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7
Q

Properties of lymphatic vessels are:

A
  • one way system
  • no pump
  • lymph moves toward the heart
  • milking action of skeletal muscle
  • rhythmic contraction of smooth muscle in vessel walls
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8
Q

What does the spleen do?

A
  • filters blood
  • destroys worn out blood cells
  • forms blood cells in the fetus
  • acts as a blood reservoir
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9
Q

Where is the spleen located?

A

Left side of the abdomen

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10
Q

What does the thymus do?

A
  • functions at peak levels during childhood.

- produces hormones such as thymosin which programs lymphocytes.

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11
Q

Where is the thymus located?

A

In the throat overlying the heart

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12
Q

What do the tonsils do?

A

-Trap and remove bacteria

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13
Q

Where are the tonsils located?

A

Small masses of lymphoid tissue around the pharynx

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14
Q

What causes tonsillitis?

A

Congestion of bacteria

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15
Q

What does the Peyer’s Patches do?

A

Capture and destroy bacteria in the intestine.

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16
Q

Where do Peyer’s Patches look like and where are they located?

A

Resemble tonsils in structure and found in the wall of the small intestine.

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17
Q

What harmful materials enter the lymph vessels?

A

Bacteria
Viruses
Cancer cells
Cell debris

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18
Q

What do lymph nodes do?

A

Filter lymph before it is returned to the blood.

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19
Q

Two defense cells within the lymph nodes are?

A

Macrophages

Lymphocytes

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20
Q

What are macrophages?

A

Engulf and destroy foreign substances.

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21
Q

What are lymphocytes?

A

Provide immune response to antigens.

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22
Q

What does lymphatic vessels do?

A
  • Collects lymph from lymph capillaries.
  • Carries lymph to and away from lymph nodes.
  • Returns fluid to circulatory veins near the heart.
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23
Q

What are the two defense systems for foreign materials?

A

-nonspecific defense and specific system

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24
Q

What does the nonspecific defense system do?

A
  • protects against a variety of invaders

- responds immediately to protect the body from foreign materials.

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25
Q

What does the specific defense system do?

A

Is required for each type of invader.

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26
Q

What are the first line of defense?

A
  • Skin
  • Stomach mucosa
  • Saliva and lacrimal fluid contain lysozyme
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27
Q

What does the skin do for defense?

A
  • physical barrier to foreign materials
  • pH of the skin is acidic to inhibit bacterial growth
  • sebum is toxic to bacteria
  • vaginal secretions are very acidic
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28
Q

What is sebum?

A

Oily and waxy substance that waterproofs and lubricates the skin and hair.

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29
Q

What does stomach mucosa do for defense?

A
  • secretes hydrochloric acid

- has protein-digesting enzyme

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30
Q

What does saliva and lacrimal fluid do for defense?

A

-mucus traps microorganism in digestive and respiratory pathways.

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31
Q

What are the second line of defense?

A

Defense cells

  • phagocytes
  • natural killer cells
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32
Q

What does phagocytes dos for defense?

A

Are neutrophils and macrophages

  • engulfs foreign materials into a vacuole
  • enzymes from lysosomes digest the material
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33
Q

What does the natural killer cells do for defense?

A

Can destroy virus-infected cells.

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34
Q

What is the inflammatory response?

A
  • triggered when the body tissues are injured.
  • produces four Cardinal signs
  • results in a chain of events leading to protection and healing.
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35
Q

What are the four Cardinal signs?

A
  • redness
  • heat
  • swelling
  • pain
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36
Q

What are the functions of an inflammatory response?

A
  • prevents the spread of damaging agents
  • disposes of cell debris and pathogens
  • sets the stage for repair
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37
Q

What are complement proteins?

A
  • a group of at least 20 plasma proteins
  • activated when they encounter and attach to cells
  • damages foreign cell surfaces
  • has vasodilators, chemotaxis and opsonization.
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38
Q

What is interferon?

A
  • secreted proteins of virus-infected cells

- bind to healthy cell surfaces to inhibit viruses binding.

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39
Q

What is a fever?

A
  • abnormally high body temp
  • hypothalamus heat regulation can be reset by pyrogens (WBC)
  • high temp inhibit the release of iron and zinc from liver and spleen needed by bacteria.
  • fever increases the speed of tissue repair.
40
Q

What is the hypothalamus?

A

Region of the brain that coordinates both autonomic nervous system and the activity of the pituitary

41
Q

What’s the third line of defense?

A

Specific defense: the immune system

42
Q

What does the third line of defense do?

A

Antigen specific - recognizes and acts against particular foreign substances

Systemic - not restricted to the initial infection site

Has memory - recognizes and mounts a stronger attack on previously encountered pathogens.

43
Q

What are antigens?

A

Any substance capable of exciting the immune system and provoking an immune response

44
Q

What are some examples of common antigens?

A
  • foreign proteins
  • nucleic acids
  • large carbohydrates
  • some lipids
  • pollen grains
  • microorganisms
45
Q

What are self-antigens?

A
  • our cells in another persons body can trigger an immune response because its foreign.
  • our immune cells don’t attack our own proteins
  • human cells have many surface proteins
46
Q

What are the cells of the immune system?

A
  • Lymphocytes

- macrophages

47
Q

What is an lymphocytes?

A

Originates from hemocytoblasts in the red bone marrow.

  • B lymphocytes= become immunocompetent in the bone marrow.
  • T lymphocytes= become immunocompetent in the thymus
48
Q

What is a macrophage?

A

Become widely distributed in lymphoid organs.

49
Q

What kinds of T cells are there?

A
  • Cytotoxic T cells (killer T cells)
  • Helper T cells
  • Suppressor T cells
50
Q

What does the Cytotoix T cells (killer T cells) do?

A
  • specialized in killing infected cells

- insert a toxic chemical (perforin)

51
Q

What does the helper T cells do?

A
  • recruit other cells to fight the invaders

- interact directly with B cells

52
Q

What does the suppressor T cells do?

A
  • release chemicals to suppress the activity of T and B cells
  • stop the immune system response to prevent uncontrolled activity
  • a few members of each clone are memory cells.
53
Q

What is active immunity?

A
  • B cells encounter antigens and produce antibodies

- can be neutral or artificially acquired

54
Q

What is passive immunity?

A
  • antibodies are obtained from someone else
  • naturally from a mother to her fetus
  • artificially from immune serum or gamma globulin
  • immunological memory doesn’t occur
  • protection provided by borrowed antibodies
55
Q

What types of grafts are there?

A
  • autografts
  • isografts
  • allografts
  • xenografts
56
Q

What grafts are ideal donors?

A

Autografts and isografts

57
Q

Which graft is never successful?

A

Xenografts

58
Q

Which grafts can be more successful with a closer tissue match?

A

Allografts

59
Q

What is a autograft?

A

Tissue transplanted from one sit to another on the same person.

60
Q

What is a isografts?

A

Tissue grafts from an identical person (twin).

61
Q

What is an allografts?

A

Tissue taken from an unrelated person.

62
Q

What is a xenografts?

A

Tissue taken from a different animal person.

63
Q

What is an autoimmune disease?

A
  • The immune system doesn’t distinguish between self and non self.
  • the body produces antibodies and sensitized T lymphocytes that attack its own tissues.
64
Q

What are some examples of autoimmune diseases?

A
  • multiple sclerosis
  • juvenile diabetes
  • rheumatoid arthritis
65
Q

What is multiple sclerosis?

A
  • White matter of brain and spinal cord are destroyed.
  • symptoms= vision loss, pain, fatigue, impaired coordination.
  • PT and meds
66
Q

What is juvenile diabetes?

A
  • Destroys pancreatic beta cells that produce insulin.
  • increased thirst, frequent urination, hunger and fatigue.
  • insulin therapy, diet and exercise.
67
Q

What is rheumatoid arthritis?

A
  • Destroys joints.
  • painful swelling, bone erosion and joint deformity.
  • meds
68
Q

What is a lymph capillary?

A
  • fluid leaks into Lymph capillaries
  • capillaries are anchored to connective tissue by filaments
  • higher pressure on the inside closes mini-valves
69
Q

What is AIDS?

A
  • the body’s inability to fight infections.
  • flu-like symptoms, fever, sore throat, night sweats
  • drugs can slow progress but no cure.
70
Q

What is lymphedema?

A
  • swelling arms or legs
  • pain and swelling
  • wrapping, massages, exercise
71
Q

What is Hodgkin’s disease?

A
  • cancer of the the lymphatic system
  • swelling of lymph nodes
  • chemo, radiation
72
Q

What is splenomegaly?

A
  • enlarged spleen
  • sometimes no symptoms, feeling full
  • caused by viral or bacterial infections
  • meds
73
Q

Four different types of pathogens?

A

Bacteria
Virus
Fungi
Protists

74
Q

What did Dr. Fleming discover?

A

Penicillin

75
Q

Function of lymphatic vessels?

A

Carry lymph

76
Q

What is the function of the first line of defense?

A

Designed to keep the bad guys out.

77
Q

What is the function of the second line of defense?

A

Slow down the bad guys.

78
Q

Who is Edward Jenner?

A

Smallpox vaccine.

79
Q

Who is Jonas Salk.

A

Polio vaccine

80
Q

What is the difference cow pox and small pox?

A

Smallpox highly infectious disease.

Cowpox infection that gives gives immunity to smallpox. Develops antibodies

81
Q

Last death due to smallpox?

A

1977

82
Q

Where are the last two cases of smallpox located?

A

USA and Russia

83
Q

Function of mucus?

A

Protect epithelial cells against bacteria.

84
Q

Function of cilia?

A

Move particles up to throat where they are either coughed or sneezed out.

85
Q

Function of nasal hairs?

A

A first line of defense against pathogens.

86
Q

What are pyrogens?

A

Produced by a bacterium that produces fever.

87
Q

Define immunity?

A

Ability to resist a particular infection or toxin.

88
Q

Example of artificially acquired active immunity?

A

Vaccine

89
Q

Example of naturally acquired passive immunity?

A

Antibodies pass from mom to fetus, or infant

90
Q

Example of naturally acquired active immunity?

A

Infection contact with pathogen.

91
Q

Example of artificially passive?

A

Injection of immune serum.

92
Q

Four diseases you have been immunized against?

A

Chickenpox
Mumps
Rotavirus
Wooping cough

93
Q

B cells reside where?

A

Bone marrow and migrate to the spleen and lymph tissue

94
Q

Helper T cells secrete what?

A

Antibodies

Macrophages

95
Q

Lymphatic vessels move lymph towards?

A

Towards the neck.

Immune & Lympatic System (1 decks)

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