I - Cell Injury, Cell Death and Adaptations

Question 1

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Increase in size of cells resulting in increased size of organ.

Answer 1

Hypertrophy(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed. p.3

Question 2

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Increase in number of cells.

Answer 2

Hyperplasia(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed. p.3

Question 3

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Hypertrophy of hyperplasia?Uterus during pregnancy

Answer 3

Both Estrogen stimulated SM hyperthrophy and hyperplasia (TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed. p.3

Question 4

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Hypertrophy or hyperplasia?Wound healing

Answer 4

Hyperplasia(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed. p.4

Question 5

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Type of cell death characterized by nuclear dissolution, without complete loss of membrane integrity.

Answer 5

Apoptosis(TOPNOTCHRobbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed. p.7

Question 6

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Type of cell death which is energy-dependent, tightly regulated, and associated with normal cellular functions.

Answer 6

Apoptosis(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed. p.7

Question 7

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Type of cell death which results from a pathologic cell injury.

Answer 7

Necrosis(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed. p.9

Question 8

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Type of cell death associated with inflammation.

Answer 8

Necrosis(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed. p.10

Question 9

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It is the irreversible condensation of chromatin in the nucleus of a cell undergoing necrosis or apoptosis.

Answer 9

Pyknosis(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed. p.10

Question 10

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It is the destructive fragmentation of the nucleus of a dying cell.

Answer 10

Karyorrhexis (TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed. p.10

Question 11

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It is the complete dissolution of the chromatin of a dying cell.

Answer 11

Karyolysis(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed. p.10

Question 12

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This is the first manifestation of almost all forms of injury to cells.

Answer 12

Cellular swelling(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed. p.8

Question 13

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Small clear vacuoles within the cytoplasm, representing pinched-off segments of the endoplasmic reticulum.

Answer 13

Hydropic change or Vacuolar degeneration (TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed. p.23

Question 14

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Appearance of lipid vacuoles in the cytoplasm.

Answer 14

Fatty Change(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed. p.23

Question 15

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Surface blebs, increased eosinophilia of the cytoplasm, cellular swelling.

Answer 15

Reversible/ Early Ischemic Injury(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed. p.18

Question 16

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Cell injury with loss of nuclei, cellular fragmentation and leakage of cellular contents.

Answer 16

Irreversible/ Necrotic cellular injury(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed. p.18

Question 17

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These are chemical species with a single unpaired electron in the outer orbital.

Answer 17

Free radicals(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed. p.18

Question 18

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Most common cause of cell injury in clinical medicine.

Answer 18

Ischemia(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed. p.18

Question 19

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Composed of membrane-bound vesicles of cytosol and organelles seen in programmed-cell death.

Answer 19

Apoptotic Bodies(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed. p.19

Question 20

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Restoration of blood flow to ischemic but otherwise viable tissue paradoxically results in exacerbated and accelerated injury.

Answer 20

Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed. p.18

Question 21

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Pathway of apoptosis trigerred by loss of survival signals, DNA damage and accumulation of misfolded proteins. Inhibited by Anti-apoptotic members of the Bcl family.

Answer 21

Mitochondrial / Intrinsic Pathway(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed. p.22

Question 22

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Pathway of apoptosis responsible for elimination of self-reactive lymphocytes and damage by cytotoxic T lymphocytes. Initiated by TNF receptors.

Answer 22

Death Receptor / Extrinsic Pathway(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed. p.22

Question 23

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Refers to any abnormal accumulation of triglycerides within parenchymal cells. Most often seen in the liver but can also occur in the heart, sk m., and kidneys.

Answer 23

Fatty Change(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed. p.23

Question 24

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Other name for macrophages in contact with lipid debris of necrotic cells or abnormal forms of lipoproteins. Filled with minute, membrane-bound vacuoles of lipid, imparting a foamy appearance to their cytoplasm.

Answer 24

Foam cells(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed. p.24

Question 25

# topnotch Presence of cholesterol-filled macrophages in subepithelial connective tissue of skin or tendons.

Answer 25

Xanthomas(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed. p.24

Question 26

# topnotch Hypertrophy or hyperplasia?Cardiomegaly due to hypertension

Answer 26

Hypertrophy Due to increased workload(TOPNOTCH)

Question 27

# topnotch Most common exogenous pigment?

Answer 27

Carbon(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed. p.26

Question 28

# topnotch "Wear and Tear pigment"?

Answer 28

Lipofuschin(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed. p.26

Question 29

# topnotch Pigment produced by tyrosinase-catalyzed oxidation of tyrosine to dihydroxyphenylalanine.

Answer 29

Melanin(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed. p.26

Question 30

# topnotch Hemoglobin-derived granular pigment that is golden-yellow to brown in color. Accumulates in excess of iron.

Answer 30

Hemosiderin(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed. p.26

Question 31

# topnotch Histochemical reaction used to identify hemosiderin.

Answer 31

Prussian blue test(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed. p.26

Question 32

# topnotch Abnormal calcium deposition occuring in the absence of calcium metabolic derangements.

Answer 32

Dystrophic calcification.(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed. p.26

Question 33

# topnotch Calcium deposition in normal tissues occuring in the presence of hypercalcemia.

Answer 33

Metastatic calcification (TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed. p.26

Question 34

# topnotch Grossly seen as fine white granules or clumps, often felt as gritty deposits. Histologically, intra/extracellular basophilic deposits.

Answer 34

Calcium salts(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed. p.27

Question 35

# topnotch A result of a progressive decline in the proliferative capacity and lifespan of cells.

Answer 35

Cellular aging(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed. p.29

Question 36

# topnotch Appears as round or oval masses with intensely eosinophilic cytoplasm, nuclei with various stages of chromatin condensation and aggregation, karyorrhexis.

Answer 36

Apoptotic cell(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed. p.20

Question 37

# topnotch Membrane bound vesicles of cytosol and organelles quickly extruded and phagocytosed without eliciting inflammatory response.

Answer 37

Apoptotic bodies(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed. p.20

Question 38

# topnotch Clear vacuoles within parenchymal cells, displacing the nucleus to the cell periphery.

Answer 38

Fatty change (TOPNOTCHRobbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed. p.24

Question 39

# topnotch Focal, intracellular fat deposits creating alternating bands of yellowed myocardium with alternating bands of darker red-brown uninvolved heart or "tigered effect".

Answer 39

Fatty change of the heart(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed. p.24

Question 40

# topnotch Rounded, eosinophilic accumulation of newly synthesized immunoglobulins in the rough ER of plasma cells.

Answer 40

Russel bodies(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed. p.25

Question 41

# topnotch Eosinophilic cytoplasmic inclusion in liver cells composed of aggregated intermediate filaments which resist degradation. Seen in patients woth alcoholic liver disease.

Answer 41

Mallory body / "alcoholic hyalin"(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed. p.25

Question 42

# topnotch Aggregated protein inclusions that contain microtubule-associated proteins and neurofilaments, reflecting disrupted neuronal cytoskeleton.

Answer 42

Neurofibrillary tangles in Alzheimer's disease(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed. p.26

Question 43

# topnotch An insoluble brownish-yellow granular intracellular material that accumulates as a function of age and atrophy. Appears as perinuclear electron-dense granules on electron microscopy.

Answer 43

Lipofuschin(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed. p.26

Question 44

# topnotch A form of tissue necrosis in which the component cells are dead but the basic tissue architecture is preserved. The affected tissues take on a firm texture.

Answer 44

Coagulative necrosis(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed. p.10

Question 45

# topnotch Refers to focal areas of fat destruction, typically resulting from release of activated pancreatic lipases into the substance of the pancreas and the peritoneal cavity. The foci of necrosis contain shadowy outlines of necrotic fat cells with basophilic calcium deposits, surrounded by an inflammatory reaction.

Answer 45

Fat necrosis (TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed. p.11

Question 46

# topnotch A special form of necrosis usually seen in immune reactions involving blood vessels. Deposits of immune complexes, together with fibrin that has leaked out of vessels, result in a bright pink and amorphous appearance in H&E stains, called "fibrinoid" (fibrin-like) by pathologists.

Answer 46

Fibrinoid necrosis (TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed. p.11

Question 47

# topnotch Seen in focal bacterial or, occasionally, fungal infections, because microbes stimulate the accumulation of inflammatory cells and the enzymes of leukocytes digest the tissue.

Answer 47

Liquefactive necrosis (TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed. p.10

Question 48

# topnotch This term is usually applied to a limb, generally the lower leg, that has lost its blood supply and has undergone coagulative necrosis involving multiple tissue layers.

Answer 48

Gangrenous necrosis(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed. p.10