I-Biochemistry-Basics Flashcards
Asymetrical distrubtion of electrical charges are classified as this.
Dipole (polar) molecule
This is a bond that can be created between hydrogen atoms of amino acids and water molecules.
Hyrdogen bonds
Why are Bicarbonate and other buffers labeled as Amphoteric molecules?
They can act as an acid or base
Phospholipids and Bile salts share this similar characteristic.
Amphipathic
True or False: If pH>pka, the predominant form of a weak acid is its Deprotonated form.
True. A pH>pKa a means lower H+ concentration; increases Weak acids to donate its H+, and decrease Weak bases to accept H+
True or False: If pH>pKa, the charged form of Weak bases are more numerous
False. A pH>pKa a means lower H+ concentration; increases Weak acids to donate its H+, and decrease Weak bases to accept H+
True or False: If pH<pka, the predominant form of a weak base is its Charged form.
True. A pH<pKa a means higher H+ concentration; increases weak bases to accept H+ thus making them charged
Ture or False: if pH<pka, the weak acids will have a tendency to be unprotonated
False. A pH<pKa a means higher H+ concentration; increases weak acids tend to accept H+ thus making them protonated.
Why are drugs with High pKas are not well absorbed it the stomach?
The pH<pKa causing the drug to be in its charged.
This is required by an enzyme to function properly?
Co-factors
CO acts on O2 by increasing this property, hence the use of 100% O2
Km is increased
What type of Inhibition cause Km to change but Vmax to remain the same
Competitive inhibition
What type of Inhibition cause Km to remain unchanged but Vmax to decrease
Non-competitive Inhibition
This refers to the heat produced by a reaction
Enthalpy or _H
The amount of randomness of a reaction is measured as
Entropy or _S
This parameter can predict whether a reaction is spontaneous or not
_G or Free Energy
Substance A & Substance B readily interchange with each other. Thus its _G is?
_G = 0, or in a state of Equilibrium
Substance A cannot change to Substance B unless given energy. Its _G must be?
_G > 0, or an Endergonic/Endotermic Reaction
Substance A will always change to Substance B when left alone. Its _G must be?
_G < 0, or an Exergonic/Exothermic Reaction
True or False: High Enthalpy and Low Entropy will proceed spontanously.
False. _G = __H-T__S will cause _G>0
Phosphoglycerate Kinase, Pyruvate Kinase, & Succinate Thiokinase enzymes generate ATP by?
Substrate Level Phosphorylation
NADH and FADH2 are utilized to generate ATP by?
Oxidative Phosphorylation
The greatest quantitative source high energy phosphate in anaerobes?
Substrate Level Phosphorylation
This produces more high energry phosphate from glucose because of the presence of O2?
Oxidative Phosphorylation
The ETC is specifically found where?
Inner Membrane of the mitochondria
Ribloflavin is to FAD as _________ is to NAD
Niacin (Vit. B3)
Part of the ETC that dehydrogenates NADH?
Complex I (NADH Dehydrogenase)
Part of the ETC that is an enzyme more associated to the Kreb’s Cycle?
Complex II (Succinate Dehydrogenaes)
Coenzyme Q is unique because?
It’s the only NON-PROTEIN part of the ETC
True or False: Cytochrome is c is the only FIXED part of the ETC
False, It is the ONLY MOVABLE part of the ETC
The heme part of this ETC structure contains Fe like the heme found in RBC.
Complex III (Ubiquinol)
Cytochrome oxidase differs from Complex III in that it contains this mineral instead of mineral
Complex IV (cytochrome oxidase) contains Copper (Cu) in its heme
Also known as Ubiquinone
Complex Q
How does NADH produce 3 ATP?
Its high energy electron drives the H-pumps at Complex I, III, IV
O2 is need by this Complex in order to function properly
Complex V (ATP synthase Complex)
Cyanide poisoning inhibits which complex
Complex IV (cytochrome oxidase)
Barbiturates affects ETC by inhibiting?
Complex I (NADH Dehydrogenase)
Dimercaprol, used in heavy metal poisoning, can also inhibit this ETC complex
Complex III (Ubiquinol)
Mitochondrial disease associated with the lose of ALL ETC complexes
Fatal Infantile Mitochondrial Myopathy
Mitochondrial Encephalopathy, Lactic Acidosis, Stroke-like episodes are associated with which complex?
Complex I (NADH Dehydrogenase)
Leigh’s Disease
Complex IV deficiency
Kearn’s-Sayre Syndrome
Complex II (Succinate Dehydrogenaes) deficiency
Leber’s Hereditary Optic Neuropathy
Complex III (Ubiquinol) deficiency
Should a father afftect with Kearn’s Sayre Syndrome be worried about passing his illness on to his children?
No, ALL Mitochondrial inherited disease are ONLY passed on through the maternal mitochondria
Prinicple effects caused by Uncouplers on the ETC
Inc. Permeability of Inner memberane to H+, Loss of Proton Gradient to drive ATP synthase complex
These uncoupling proteins are created by neonates to prevent Hypothermia
Thermogenins
Apsirin is a notorius uncoupler of the ETC leading to this dreaded toxic side effect
Hyperpyrexia
These are by-products of ETC that are toxic cells but also utilized to protect the body
Reactive Oxygen Species
The presence of this enzyme is used to differentiate Gram (+) cocci
Catalase
This is the result of sudden ETC activity after a prolonged hypoxic effect leading to further tissue injury
Reperfusion Injury
