I-Biochemistry-Basics

Question 1

Asymetrical distrubtion of electrical charges are classified as this.

Answer 1

Dipole (polar) molecule

Question 2

This is a bond that can be created between hydrogen atoms of amino acids and water molecules.

Answer 2

Hyrdogen bonds

Question 3

Why are Bicarbonate and other buffers labeled as Amphoteric molecules?

Answer 3

They can act as an acid or base

Question 4

Phospholipids and Bile salts share this similar characteristic.

Answer 4

Amphipathic

Question 5

True or False: If pH>pka, the predominant form of a weak acid is its Deprotonated form.

Answer 5

True. A pH>pKa a means lower H+ concentration; increases Weak acids to donate its H+, and decrease Weak bases to accept H+

Question 6

True or False: If pH>pKa, the charged form of Weak bases are more numerous

Answer 6

False. A pH>pKa a means lower H+ concentration; increases Weak acids to donate its H+, and decrease Weak bases to accept H+

Question 7

True or False: If pH<pka, the predominant form of a weak base is its Charged form.

Answer 7

True. A pH<pKa a means higher H+ concentration; increases weak bases to accept H+ thus making them charged

Question 8

Ture or False: if pH<pka, the weak acids will have a tendency to be unprotonated

Answer 8

False. A pH<pKa a means higher H+ concentration; increases weak acids tend to accept H+ thus making them protonated.

Question 9

Why are drugs with High pKas are not well absorbed it the stomach?

Answer 9

The pH<pKa causing the drug to be in its charged.

Question 10

This is required by an enzyme to function properly?

Answer 10

Co-factors

Question 11

CO acts on O2 by increasing this property, hence the use of 100% O2

Answer 11

Km is increased

Question 12

What type of Inhibition cause Km to change but Vmax to remain the same

Answer 12

Competitive inhibition

Question 13

What type of Inhibition cause Km to remain unchanged but Vmax to decrease

Answer 13

Non-competitive Inhibition

Question 14

This refers to the heat produced by a reaction

Answer 14

Enthalpy or _H

Question 15

The amount of randomness of a reaction is measured as

Answer 15

Entropy or _S

Question 16

This parameter can predict whether a reaction is spontaneous or not

Answer 16

_G or Free Energy

Question 17

Substance A & Substance B readily interchange with each other. Thus its _G is?

Answer 17

_G = 0, or in a state of Equilibrium

Question 18

Substance A cannot change to Substance B unless given energy. Its _G must be?

Answer 18

_G > 0, or an Endergonic/Endotermic Reaction

Question 19

Substance A will always change to Substance B when left alone. Its _G must be?

Answer 19

_G < 0, or an Exergonic/Exothermic Reaction

Question 20

True or False: High Enthalpy and Low Entropy will proceed spontanously.

Answer 20

False. _G = __H-T__S will cause _G>0

Question 21

Phosphoglycerate Kinase, Pyruvate Kinase, & Succinate Thiokinase enzymes generate ATP by?

Answer 21

Substrate Level Phosphorylation

Question 22

NADH and FADH2 are utilized to generate ATP by?

Answer 22

Oxidative Phosphorylation

Question 23

The greatest quantitative source high energy phosphate in anaerobes?

Answer 23

Substrate Level Phosphorylation

Question 24

This produces more high energry phosphate from glucose because of the presence of O2?

Answer 24

Oxidative Phosphorylation

Question 25

The ETC is specifically found where?

Answer 25

Inner Membrane of the mitochondria

Question 26

Ribloflavin is to FAD as _________ is to NAD

Answer 26

Niacin (Vit. B3)

Question 27

Part of the ETC that dehydrogenates NADH?

Answer 27

Complex I (NADH Dehydrogenase)

Question 28

Part of the ETC that is an enzyme more associated to the Kreb's Cycle?

Answer 28

Complex II (Succinate Dehydrogenaes)

Question 29

Coenzyme Q is unique because?

Answer 29

It's the only NON-PROTEIN part of the ETC

Question 30

True or False: Cytochrome is c is the only FIXED part of the ETC

Answer 30

False, It is the ONLY MOVABLE part of the ETC

Question 31

The heme part of this ETC structure contains Fe like the heme found in RBC.

Answer 31

Complex III (Ubiquinol)

Question 32

Cytochrome oxidase differs from Complex III in that it contains this mineral instead of mineral

Answer 32

Complex IV (cytochrome oxidase) contains Copper (Cu) in its heme

Question 33

Also known as Ubiquinone

Answer 33

Complex Q

Question 34

How does NADH produce 3 ATP?

Answer 34

Its high energy electron drives the H-pumps at Complex I, III, IV

Question 35

O2 is need by this Complex in order to function properly

Answer 35

Complex V (ATP synthase Complex)

Question 36

Cyanide poisoning inhibits which complex

Answer 36

Complex IV (cytochrome oxidase)

Question 37

Barbiturates affects ETC by inhibiting?

Answer 37

Complex I (NADH Dehydrogenase)

Question 38

Dimercaprol, used in heavy metal poisoning, can also inhibit this ETC complex

Answer 38

Complex III (Ubiquinol)

Question 39

Mitochondrial disease associated with the lose of ALL ETC complexes

Answer 39

Fatal Infantile Mitochondrial Myopathy

Question 40

Mitochondrial Encephalopathy, Lactic Acidosis, Stroke-like episodes are associated with which complex?

Answer 40

Complex I (NADH Dehydrogenase)

Question 41

Leigh's Disease

Answer 41

Complex IV deficiency

Question 42

Kearn's-Sayre Syndrome

Answer 42

Complex II (Succinate Dehydrogenaes) deficiency

Question 43

Leber's Hereditary Optic Neuropathy

Answer 43

Complex III (Ubiquinol) deficiency

Question 44

Should a father afftect with Kearn's Sayre Syndrome be worried about passing his illness on to his children?

Answer 44

No, ALL Mitochondrial inherited disease are ONLY passed on through the maternal mitochondria

Question 45

Prinicple effects caused by Uncouplers on the ETC

Answer 45

Inc. Permeability of Inner memberane to H+, Loss of Proton Gradient to drive ATP synthase complex

Question 46

These uncoupling proteins are created by neonates to prevent Hypothermia

Answer 46

Thermogenins

Question 47

Apsirin is a notorius uncoupler of the ETC leading to this dreaded toxic side effect

Answer 47

Hyperpyrexia

Question 48

These are by-products of ETC that are toxic cells but also utilized to protect the body

Answer 48

Reactive Oxygen Species

Question 49

The presence of this enzyme is used to differentiate Gram (+) cocci

Answer 49

Catalase

Question 50

This is the result of sudden ETC activity after a prolonged hypoxic effect leading to further tissue injury

Answer 50

Reperfusion Injury