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I-Biochemistry-Basics Flashcards

1
Q

biochem flashcards

Asymetrical distrubtion of electrical charges are classified as this.

A

Dipole (polar) molecule

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2
Q

biochem flashcards

This is a bond that can be created between hydrogen atoms of amino acids and water molecules.

A

Hyrdogen bonds

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3
Q

biochem flashcards

Why are Bicarbonate and other buffers labeled as Amphoteric molecules?

A

They can act as an acid or base

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4
Q

biochem flashcards

Phospholipids and Bile salts share this similar characteristic.

A

Amphipathic

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5
Q

biochem flashcards

True or False: If pH>pka, the predominant form of a weak acid is its Deprotonated form.

A

True. A pH>pKa a means lower H+ concentration; increases Weak acids to donate its H+, and decrease Weak bases to accept H+

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6
Q

biochem flashcards

True or False: If pH>pKa, the charged form of Weak bases are more numerous

A

False. A pH>pKa a means lower H+ concentration; increases Weak acids to donate its H+, and decrease Weak bases to accept H+

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7
Q

biochem flashcards

True or False: If pH<pka, the predominant form of a weak base is its Charged form.

A

True. A pH<pKa a means higher H+ concentration; increases weak bases to accept H+ thus making them charged

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8
Q

biochem flashcards

Ture or False: if pH<pka, the weak acids will have a tendency to be unprotonated

A

False. A pH<pKa a means higher H+ concentration; increases weak acids tend to accept H+ thus making them protonated.

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9
Q

biochem flashcards

Why are drugs with High pKas are not well absorbed it the stomach?

A

The pH<pKa causing the drug to be in its charged.

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10
Q

biochem flashcards

This is required by an enzyme to function properly?

A

Co-factors

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11
Q

biochem flashcards

CO acts on O2 by increasing this property, hence the use of 100% O2

A

Km is increased

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12
Q

biochem flashcards

What type of Inhibition cause Km to change but Vmax to remain the same

A

Competitive inhibition

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13
Q

biochem flashcards

What type of Inhibition cause Km to remain unchanged but Vmax to decrease

A

Non-competitive Inhibition

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14
Q

biochem flashcards

This refers to the heat produced by a reaction

A

Enthalpy or _H

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15
Q

biochem flashcards

The amount of randomness of a reaction is measured as

A

Entropy or _S

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16
Q

biochem flashcards

This parameter can predict whether a reaction is spontaneous or not

A

_G or Free Energy

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17
Q

biochem flashcards

Substance A & Substance B readily interchange with each other. Thus its _G is?

A

_G = 0, or in a state of Equilibrium

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18
Q

biochem flashcards

Substance A cannot change to Substance B unless given energy. Its _G must be?

A

_G > 0, or an Endergonic/Endotermic Reaction

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19
Q

biochem flashcards

Substance A will always change to Substance B when left alone. Its _G must be?

A

_G < 0, or an Exergonic/Exothermic Reaction

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20
Q

biochem flashcards

True or False: High Enthalpy and Low Entropy will proceed spontanously.

A

False. _G = __H-T__S will cause _G>0

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21
Q

biochem flashcards

Phosphoglycerate Kinase, Pyruvate Kinase, & Succinate Thiokinase enzymes generate ATP by?

A

Substrate Level Phosphorylation

22
Q

biochem flashcards

NADH and FADH2 are utilized to generate ATP by?

A

Oxidative Phosphorylation

23
Q

biochem flashcards

The greatest quantitative source high energy phosphate in anaerobes?

A

Substrate Level Phosphorylation

24
Q

biochem flashcards

This produces more high energry phosphate from glucose because of the presence of O2?

A

Oxidative Phosphorylation

25
Q

biochem flashcards

The ETC is specifically found where?

A

Inner Membrane of the mitochondria

26
Q

biochem flashcards

Ribloflavin is to FAD as _________ is to NAD

A

Niacin (Vit. B3)

27
Q

biochem flashcards

Part of the ETC that dehydrogenates NADH?

A

Complex I (NADH Dehydrogenase)

28
Q

biochem flashcards

Part of the ETC that is an enzyme more associated to the Kreb’s Cycle?

A

Complex II (Succinate Dehydrogenaes)

29
Q

biochem flashcards

Coenzyme Q is unique because?

A

It’s the only NON-PROTEIN part of the ETC

30
Q

biochem flashcards

True or False: Cytochrome is c is the only FIXED part of the ETC

A

False, It is the ONLY MOVABLE part of the ETC

31
Q

biochem flashcards

The heme part of this ETC structure contains Fe like the heme found in RBC.

A

Complex III (Ubiquinol)

32
Q

biochem flashcards

Cytochrome oxidase differs from Complex III in that it contains this mineral instead of mineral

A

Complex IV (cytochrome oxidase) contains Copper (Cu) in its heme

33
Q

biochem flashcards

Also known as Ubiquinone

34
Q

biochem flashcards

How does NADH produce 3 ATP?

A

Its high energy electron drives the H-pumps at Complex I, III, IV

35
Q

biochem flashcards

O2 is need by this Complex in order to function properly

A

Complex V (ATP synthase Complex)

36
Q

biochem flashcards

Cyanide poisoning inhibits which complex

A

Complex IV (cytochrome oxidase)

37
Q

biochem flashcards

Barbiturates affects ETC by inhibiting?

A

Complex I (NADH Dehydrogenase)

38
Q

biochem flashcards

Dimercaprol, used in heavy metal poisoning, can also inhibit this ETC complex

A

Complex III (Ubiquinol)

39
Q

biochem flashcards

Mitochondrial disease associated with the lose of ALL ETC complexes

A

Fatal Infantile Mitochondrial Myopathy

40
Q

biochem flashcards

Mitochondrial Encephalopathy, Lactic Acidosis, Stroke-like episodes are associated with which complex?

A

Complex I (NADH Dehydrogenase)

41
Q

biochem flashcards

Leigh’s Disease

A

Complex IV deficiency

42
Q

biochem flashcards

Kearn’s-Sayre Syndrome

A

Complex II (Succinate Dehydrogenaes) deficiency

43
Q

biochem flashcards

Leber’s Hereditary Optic Neuropathy

A

Complex III (Ubiquinol) deficiency

44
Q

biochem flashcards

Should a father afftect with Kearn’s Sayre Syndrome be worried about passing his illness on to his children?

A

No, ALL Mitochondrial inherited disease are ONLY passed on through the maternal mitochondria

45
Q

biochem flashcards

Prinicple effects caused by Uncouplers on the ETC

A

Inc. Permeability of Inner memberane to H+, Loss of Proton Gradient to drive ATP synthase complex

46
Q

biochem flashcards

These uncoupling proteins are created by neonates to prevent Hypothermia

A

Thermogenins

47
Q

biochem flashcards

Apsirin is a notorius uncoupler of the ETC leading to this dreaded toxic side effect

A

Hyperpyrexia

48
Q

biochem flashcards

These are by-products of ETC that are toxic cells but also utilized to protect the body

A

Reactive Oxygen Species

49
Q

biochem flashcards

The presence of this enzyme is used to differentiate Gram (+) cocci

50
Q

biochem flashcards

This is the result of sudden ETC activity after a prolonged hypoxic effect leading to further tissue injury

A

Reperfusion Injury

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