I Flashcards
Is an energy harvesting process that transfers the chemical energy from glucose and other substances from ATP
Cellular respiration
Is processed by the cell into pyruvate via glycolysis
Glucose
One round of Krebs cycle produces?
3 NADH and 1 FADH²
Glucose is ultimately broken down into 2 molecules of (blank) with a net gain of?
Pyruvate
2 ATP, 2 NADH
The Krebs cycle takes place in the
Mitochondrial matrix
Glucose is processed by the cell into pyruvate via
Glycolysis
The pyruvate moves to the next step where it is decarboxylated and becomes bound to
Coenzyme A
When the Coenzyme A becomes bounded, it forms?
Acetyl CoA
Where the acetyl initially reacts condense with oxoloacetate forming citrate
Krebs cycle
Several rounds of oxidation and ( blank) to remove 2 molecules of CO², the oxoloacetate is regenerated.
Decarboxylation
The (blank) utilizes the electrons in the NADH and FADH² to power proton pumps.
Electron transport chain
True or false.The electron transport chain is composed of four complexes.
True
Acquires electrons from NADH and FADH² respectively and transfer the electrons to Coenzyme Q
Complex I and II
Transfers electrons from Coenzyme Q to Cytochrome C
Complex III
Transfers electrons from cytochrome C to Oxygen, forming water.
Complex IV
All except complex III pump protons to the
Intermembrane space
True or false. This accumulation of protons drive the protein ATP synthase, which creates ATP from ADP and phosphate using the potential energy of H fusion.
T
All this is possible with the use of (blank) as the final electron acceptor.
Oxygen
If oxygen is scarces such as in (blank), the (blank)!must be regenerated to continue glycolysis.
Anaerobic conditions
NAD+
The pyruvate is reduced to (blank) via this method in humans. In yeasts, this results in the production of (blank)
Lactic acid
Ethanol
Write the overall reaction for cellular respiration
C⁶H¹²O⁶+6O² ->6CO²+6H²0+25ATP
Glucose + oxygen that yields to carbon dioxide + water + ATP
What is the literal meaning of glycolysis
Sugar splitting
Where in the cell does glycolysis take place?
In the cytosol
What is the advantage of glycolysis taking place stepwise?
If energy is released all at once it cannot be harnessed. Organic molecules are broken down in a series of steps to harness all of the energy.
How many ATP are used (changed to ADP) in the first half of glycolysis?
2
How many ATP are made from ADP in the second half of glycolysis?
4
What is the net gain of ATP in glycolysis?
2
How many molecules of pyruvic acid are made from a single molecule of glucose?
2
What molecule stores the high-energy electrons (and hydrogen) removed from glucose in glycolysis?
NADH
During the first four steps of glycolysis, two phosphate groups are transferred to glucose via phosphorylation, where ATP is converted to ADP. The end product is fructose 1, 6-bisphosphate.
Glucose Activation
Fructose 1,6-bisphosphate gets split into two fragments, dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP) and glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate (G3P). DHAP then gets converted into G3P by the enzyme isomerase.
Sugar splitting
Both molecules of G3P become oxidized using NAD+, which becomes NADH. This process releases energy which is used to attach phosphates to the sugars, making them 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate.
Oxidation
During the last four steps of glycolysis, the phosphate groups of the molecules are transferred to ADP by the enzyme phosphoglycerate kinase creating ATP. This is done via the process of substrate-level-phosphorylation.
Formation of ATP
The three metabolic stages of cellular respiration
Glycolysis
Citric acid cycle
Electron Transport Chain and Chemiosmosis: oxidative phosphorylation
In which of the three stages is most of the cell’s ATP produced?
Electron Transport Chain
Where in the cell does the citric acid cycle take place?
Mitochondria
What must happen to pyruvate before entering the citric acid cycle? How does this process occur?
It must be converted into Acetyl CoA. It occurs in 3 steps
Pyruvates carbonyl group is given to CO2
Remaining carbon oxidized forming acetate
Coenzyme A attached
Where does the oxaloacetate that Acetyl CoA combines with come from? What does this joining produce?
It comes from the previous Citric Acid Cycle. Acetyl CoA + oxaloacetate = citrate
What do the next 7 steps of the citric acid cycle do to citrate?
Decomposes citrate back to oxaloacetate. 1 ATP generated per pyruvate. We get 2 pyruvates from glycolysis so 2 ATP are produced.
Fill in the table telling the energy rich molecules and amounts of each energy rich molecule produced in the citric acid cycle.
NADH
FADH²
CO²
ATO
8
2
6
2
Where is the electron transport chain located in an eukaryotic organism? In a prokaryotic organism?
Eukaryote: mitochondria Prokaryote: plasma membrane
How does the structure of the mitochondria allow space for thousands of copies of the electron transport chain?
Folding of the cristae increases surface area allowing space for thousands of copies of the electron transport chain
What are most of the components of the electron transport chain?
Protein
? How do these components of electron transport chain exist within the chain?
proteins existing in multiprotein complexes tightly bound with non-protein prosthetic groups
True or false. Electron carries alternate between reduced and oxidized states as they accept and donate electrons.
True
As you move down the electron transport chain, each electron carrier becomes more (BLANK) with the most electronegative carrier being oxygen.
electronegative
Electrons are transferred from (blank) to the first molecule in the electron transport chain in complex I.
NADH
Prosthetic groups (heme group), that accept and donate electrons
Cytochromes
True or false. FADH2 adds electrons to complex II first.
True
The movement of ions across a selectively permeable membrane, down their electrochemical gradient; relates to the generation of ATP by the movement of hydrogen ions across a membrane during cellular respiration.
Chemiosmosis
What is the structure of ATP synthase?
Part of ATP Synthase:
catalytic knob,
internal knob,
rotor,
stator
What is the role of ATP synthase in chemiosmosis?
Serve as sites that allow protons to diffuse back across the membrane
enables cells to produce ATP without the use of oxygen.
Fermentation and anaerobic respiration
Can organisms living in environments without oxygen have electron transport chains? If so, how?
Yes, their final electron acceptor is something other than oxygen
What are the two type of fermentation discussed in this chapter?
Alcoholic fermentation
Lactic acid fermentation
Pyruvate is converted into ethanol
Alcoholic fermentation
Pyruvate reduced directly by NADH to form lactate
Lactic acid fermentation
Cannot survive in oxygen
Obligate anaerobes
Can make ATP and survive using fermentation or aerobic respiration in the presence of oxygen.
Facultative anaerobe
Amount of NADH
8
Amount of FADH²
2
Amount of CO²
6
Amount of ATP
2
He gave the term cell for box like structure observed in a cork
Robert Hooke
He theorized All plants are composed of cell
Matthias Schleiden
He theorized that animals are composed of cell
Theodore Schwann
He claimed that all living cells come from preexisting cell
Rudolf Virchow
He observed red blood cell see some nucleus
Anton van Leeuwenhoek
Makes energy by breaking down food
Mitochondria
Controls what goes into and out of the cell
Cell membrane
Controls all cell processes
Nucleus
Makes proteins
Ribosomes
Contains the genetic information
Chromosome
Stores water food and waste
Vacuole
Makes food only in plants
Chloroplast
Surrounds and protects nucleus
Nuclear membrane
Package and distributes protein for transport outside the cell
Golgi body/golgi apparatus
Breaks down old cel parts and contains enzymes
Lysosome
Provides structural support and protection to the cell
Cell wall
Gel like substance where cellular activities takes place
Cytoplasm
Responsible for storing starch in plant cell
Omyplast
Is involved in ribosome sysnthesis
Nucleolus
Involved in the synthesis of proteins and lipids
Endoplasmic reticulum
Has ribosomes and involved in protein synthesis
Rough endoplasmic reticulum
Involved in lipid synthesis and detoxification
Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
No nucleus
Prokaryotic cell
Has nucleus
Eukaryotic cell
How things move in and out of the cell through the cell membrane
Cell transport
Gate keeper of the cell
Cell membrane
Is a stable internal environment/balance
Homeostasis
Ph and homeostasis
O-14 ph scale
0-6 acidic
7 neutral
8-14 basic
If a solutions pH is UNBALANCED it is corrected with a
Buffer
Cell membrane is made of
Phosphate head (hydrophilic)
Proteins
Lipids tail (hydrophobic)
Have cell wall and cell membrane
Prokaryotes
Cell membrane only in animal cell
Cell membrane and cell wall in plant cell
Eukaryotes
Does not require energy. From high concentration to low concentration
Passive transport
Movement of small particles across the cell membrane until homeostasis is reached
Diffusion
Requires the help of carrier and channel proteins
Facilitated diffusion
Movement of water through a selectively permeable membrane from high to low concentration
Osmosis
The solution concentration is called
Tonicity
High concentration of solute. The water diffuses out of the cell that causes it to shrivel
Hypertonic solution
Low concentration of solute. The water diffuses into the cell that causes it to swell and possible explode
Hypotonic solution
Same concentration of solute. The water diffuses into and out of the cell on the same rate.
Isotonic solution
From low concentration to high concentration
Active transport
How materials exit the cell
Exocytosis
How materials enter the cell
Endocytosis
How small materials enter the cell
Pinocytosis
How larger materials enter the cell
Phagocytosis
ATP formula
C¹⁰H¹⁶N⁵O¹³P³
Proteins that work as pumps are called
Protein pumps
Without oxygen
Anaerobic respiration
With oxygen
Aerobic respiration
Monocarbon
Monosaccharides
Building large compound by combining smaller ones
Polymerization
DNA
Nucleic acid
Sex cell reproduction
Miosis
Growth and repair
Mitosis
What is PMAT
Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase
Organizes microtubules that serve as the cell’s skeletal system
Centrioles
Serves as the skeletal system of the cell
Microtubules
Rich in oxygen poor in carbon dioxide
Oxygenated blood
Rich in carbon dioxide poor in oxygen
Deoxygenated blood
