I Flashcards
How many percent of Earth is composed of land and it plays an important role in terrestrial organisms?
29%
It is unconsolidated regolith modified over time by water, air, and organic material.
SOIL
It is a mixture of minerals, air, water, and organic matter in the correct proportions.
FERTILE SOIL
It is the study of soil as a habitat for living organisms.
EDAPHOLOGY
It is the study of soil as geologic entity, meaning, its
formation, classification, chemistry, and morphology.
Pedology
breakdown of rocks from the result of a mechanical action.
Physical weathering
- breakdown of rocks through a change in their chemical makeup.
CHEMICAL WEATHERING
the breakdown of rocks by living things.
Biological weathering
Or the type of rock eroded
Parent material
Affects soil quality
Time
Affects rate of weathering
CLIMATE
and their activities affect formation
Organisms
or the land surface
Topography
and its different agents
Weathering
is determined by the size of the mineral particles within the soil.
Soil texture
The largest soil particles which consist of fragments larger than 2.0 millimeters in diameter.
Gravel
between 0.05 and 2.0 millimeters
Sand particles
range from 0.002 to 0.05 millimeter in diameter
SILT PARTICLES
smallest particle which are less than 0.002 millimeter in diameter
Clay particles
The ideal soil for agriculture. It provides good aeration and drainage properties of large particles with nutrient-retention and water- holding ability
Loam
It is a standard system for classifying soils according to the amount of clay, silt, and sand.
USDA
frozen soils
Gelisols
Organic wetland soils
Histosols
cool, temperate acidic soils.
Spodosols
volcanic ash soils
Andisols
highly weathered tropical soils
Oxisols
shrinking and swelling soils
Vertisols
dryland soils
aridisols
weathered tropical and subtropical.
Ultisols
Grassland soils
Mollisols
moderately weathered soils
Alfisols
slightly developed soils
Inceptisols
undeveloped soils
Entisols
are ones that can be used for farming.
Arable lands
In a census of Agriculture and Fisheries in 1991, Philippines has 10 million hectares of agricultural lands.
● As of 2020, there is total of 13.42 million hectares of agricultural land in the country.
Agriculture land
They are used in planting nipa palm and mangroves in marshes. Oil palm production is successful in some areas in Mindanao due to this soil order.
Histosols
They are used to plant fruit trees, bananas, and pineapples.
Andisols
They are generally found under cogon, talahib, second-growth bushes, and shrubs, and tree-type species.
Oxisols
They are usually used to plant rice and some vegetables.
Vertisols
They are usually used to plant pineapple, cassava, sugarcane, banana, and some forest tree species.
Ultisols
They are usually used to cultivate coffee, banana, and a variety of other crops.
Mollisols
They are usually used to plant bananas and some fruit trees.
Alfisols
They are usually used in planting paddy rice, fruit trees, and a diversity of other crops.
Inceptisols
They are used in planting diversified crops in the alluvial plains, some fruit trees, paddy rice, and coconuts.
Entisols
● This is defined as the change in soil health which results in decreased capacity of soil to support organisms.
Soil degradation
include rainfall, runoff, floods, wind erosion, tillage, and mass movements.
Physical
activities by organisms and human that degrade the soil
Biological
involve reduction of soil quality due to changes in alkalinity and acidity of water.
Chemical
Deforestation exposes the soil and affects the retention of water.
• Pesticides and fertilizers can alter the composition of soil and organisms.
Runoff
Anthropogenic Activities
Industries and mining activities reduce nutrients or increase the amount of toxins in the soil
Anthropogenic activities
Some areas are more at risk than others.
Areas of concern
It refers to the tilling at right angles to the slope of the land. It is one of the simplest methods of preventing soil erosion.
Contour farming
It is practiced when a slope is too steep or too long.
Strip farming
One practical method of preventing soil erosion on a very steep land is to construct terraces.
Terracing
are depressions on sloping land where water collects and flows off the land.
Waterways
The wind may also cause erosion. are plantings of trees or other plants that protect the bare soil from the full force of the wind. Windbreaks reduce the speed of the wind and decreases the amount of soil that is carried away.
WINDBREAKS
the top soil of leaching from which downward percolation of water has removed some clays and soluble ions. It is also commonly rich in organic matters (humus).
A horizon
–Thesubsoilofaccumulation. Clays are more prevalent and organic matter is less abundant.
B horizon
Thetransitionfromthesoil profile to the unweathered parent material below.
C horizon
Air percent
25
Water percent
25
Mineral particles percent
45
Organic matter percent
5
Humus percent
80
Roots
10
Organism
10
