i.

Question 1

Forestry

Answer 1

the science, art and business of managing forests to obtain goods such as
wood, water and game animals

Question 2

ecology

Answer 2

the scientific study of relations between living organisms and their
environment

Question 3

forest ecology

Answer 3

the scientific study of relations between forest organisms and
the forest environment

Question 4

3 criteria for a forest

Answer 4

i. height: a forest is dominated by trees, and a tree is a woody plant that would be at least 5 meters [16 ft] in height in that location when it has become old and has reached its maximum height.
ii. area: trees cover at least 10% of the land and total at least 0.5 hectares [1.25 acres]; thus if trees cover 10% of the area there would need to be 5 hectares of land to get the 0.5 hectares of tree cover.
iii. land-use: the current primary use is not agriculture or orchard
is 0.5 hectare in area;
is nonagricultural; and will meet the height requirement as the seedlings are of a tree-species,
and trees by definition will be at least 5 meters [16 ft] tall when they are mature

Question 5

open forest

Answer 5

if tree cover is greater than or equal to 10% and greater than or
equal to 0.5 hectares, but most of the tree crowns do not intersect

Question 6

closed forest

Answer 6

if the crowns (comprised of the tree’s branches and leaves) of most
of the trees in an area intersect each other

Question 7

characteristics of a primary forest

Answer 7

i. has never been extensively cleared by people,
ii. has developed following a natural disturbance (e.g. fire, wind, flooding),
iii. is dominated by natural processes as the forest grows and matures,
iv. it can have any age, from 1 year to thousands of years

Question 8

secondary forest has the following characteristics

Answer 8

i. it developed after widespread human clearance (that is, disturbance) of the preexisting vegetation (for example, deforestation for wood or to create agricultural fields)
ii. became revegetated either artificially by the planting of trees by people, or by natural
processes such as wind or animal dispersal of tree seeds
iii. human disturbances favor different plant species than do natural disturbances

Question 9

old growth forest

Answer 9

can be primary forest or secondary forest, are old enough that the structure of its trees and forest are distinct from the structure of trees and forest in young forests

Question 10

characteristics of old growth forests

Answer 10

• no evidence of human disturbance, such as stumps or fences
• presence of long-lived and shade-tolerant tree species
• standing dead trees (snags)
• pit and mound shapes on the forest floor
• multiple growth layers
• many large logs in different stages of decay
• many fungus, lichens, ferns and moss, as they grow well in the shade and on rotting wood
• natural disturbances kill canopy trees and thus create canopy gaps

Question 11

characteristics of old growth trees

Answer 11

• soaring branchless trunks
• single stems, as multiple-stems usually form from stump-sprouts that occur after a tree is cut down by people
• trunks with a diameter at breast height (DBH) of 3 ft
• “antiqued”, balding bark forms as outer bark falls off exposing different inner bark
• buttressed roots
• bizarre, sinuous growth forms
• stag-headed top

Question 12

light reactions take place …

Answer 12

in pigments in thylakoid membranes.

Question 13

dark reactions occur …

Answer 13

in the stroma

Question 14

shade plants have lower xyz and xyz than sun plants

Answer 14

light-compensation point; lower light saturation

Question 15

sunflecks

Answer 15

brief periods [minutes to hours] of sunlight that reaches the forest floor
when the sun shines through gaps in the forest canopy overhead

Question 16

plants are able to predict changes in seasons by

Answer 16

measuring changes in daylength

Question 17

phytochrome

Answer 17

red pigment in leaves

Question 18

phytochrome mediates seasonal processes such as

Answer 18

seed germination, chloroplast development, and flowering

Question 19

carotenoids

Answer 19

pigments that can be yellow, red or orange

Question 20

main functions of carotenoids

Answer 20

to absorb some light in wavelengths not absorbed by chlorophyll, and to minimize harm to chlorophyll molecules from being exposed to too much light and they thus reduce the amount of photoinhibition that occurs.

Question 21

anthocyanins

Answer 21

red or purple pigments

Question 22

Dendrochronology

Answer 22

use of tree-rings to determine the timing of events in past

Question 23

who discovered tree-rings

Answer 23

Theophrastus [Greek], around 300 BCE

Question 24

who made tree-rings scientific

Answer 24

A.E. Douglass in 1900 CE

Question 25

vascular cambium

Answer 25

sheath of cells that covers all the woody parts of the whole tree

Question 26

each annual-ring contains a band of

Answer 26

earlywood and latewood

Question 27

earlywood

Answer 27

xylem cells that form early in the growth season; the cells are large-sized
and thin-walled

Question 28

latewood

Answer 28

xylem cells that form later in season; the cells are smaller-sized and thicker walled than the earlywood cell

Question 29

the oldest-growth ring

Answer 29

is in the center of the tree

Question 30

Annual growth rings are common in ___ areas, but are uncommon in ___ areas.

Answer 30

temperate; tropical

Question 31

three forms of annual rings

Answer 31

aporous
ring-porous
diffuse porous

Question 32

aporous

Answer 32

xylem is made of tracheids.
only in needeleaf trees

Question 33

ring-porous

Answer 33

xylem is made of vessels
only deciduous trees have ring-porous rings

Question 34

diffuse porous

Answer 34

xylem is made of vessels
only deciduous trees have diffuse porous rings

Question 35

Principles of Dendrochronology

Answer 35

the principle of uniformity
principle of limiting factors
principle of aggregate tree growth
principle of regional site selection
principle of local site selection
principle of cross-dating
principle of replication

Question 36

principle of uniformity

Answer 36

to understand how geological features are created, we should simply observe how modern processes such as erosion reshape landscapes

Question 37

principle of limiting factors

Answer 37

although many factors influence a tree’s growth in one location, it is usually influenced most by one limiting factor.
in dry areas it is usually precipitation, in cold areas it is usually temperature, and in dense forests it is usually light

Question 38

principle of aggregate tree growth

Answer 38

Rt = At + Ct + WDt + ODt + Et

Question 39

principle of regional site selection

Answer 39

most species occupy a large geographic area, and thus the environmental factors that influence its growth will vary over that area
trees growing at edge of range are most likely to respond to their limiting factors

Question 40

principle of local site selection

Answer 40

choose local sites where tree ring-widths vary greatly from year to year

Question 41

principle of cross-dating

Answer 41

recognize that year-to-year variations in ring-widths display unique temporal patterns
try to match the unique ring-width patterns between trees, including dead trees; Frost rings, light rings, very narrow or wide rings, are useful to match between trees
identify false and missing rings that are keeping the ring-width records from different trees from matching
correct the chronology for samples that have missing or false rings, so that the correct calendar year is assigned to each ring

Question 42

principle of replication

Answer 42

obtain many records of tree-rings from many trees because each tree will have experienced a unique history of weather, disturbances etc
if changes in ring-widths are caused by inter-annual changes in the environment, then the ring-width patterns will be apparent in many trees
if random factors cause the changes, then they will not be apparent in many trees

Question 43

Field Methods

Answer 43

saw
increment bored cores
core which tree?
core where on tree?
coring the tree
extracting the core
coring effect on tree?

Question 44

saw

Answer 44

sawing provides a disk (also called a “cookie”) that contains a detailed tree-ring record
if cross-dating indicates that there are missing rings, then with a disk you can search the whole disk for the location of the missing rings
disks are necessary if the tree has more than one fire scar
disks are necessary if a tree contains decaying, rotting wood
sawed disks are the preferred to obtain samples for scientific studies as disks provide the best information

Question 45

increment bored cores

Answer 45

from the environmental perspective, the preferred method to obtain samples

Question 46

3 parts of increment bored cores

Answer 46

the auger
the extractor/spoon
the handle

Question 47

core which tree?

Answer 47

ease of coring: softwoods vs. hardwoods
to get oldest trees in a forest stand, core several of the tallest trees in that forest
if you want to maximize detection of local events such as within-stand disturbances, then core multiple trees that are less than one tree-height apart
if you want to minimize the signal of local events such as tree-falls, and instead maximize broader environmental signals, then core multiple trees that are more than one tree-height apart

Question 48

core where on tree?

Answer 48

if you want to get the maximum age of the tree, core as close as possible to the ground
if you want the climatic signal from the tree-rings, avoid root flare
avoid coring into old branch holes as the core will then contain an uninterpretable mixture of branch and stem
avoid coring in cracks that go into the wood as they may be rotten, or they may simply result in no wood being extracted
DO start coring in grooves in the bark as that makes it easier for the threads of the corer to grip the tree

Question 49

two types of reaction wood

Answer 49

tension wood in hardwoods
compression wood in needle-leaf trees

Question 50

Lab Methods

Answer 50

wood preparation
measuring ring-widths
cross-dating

Question 51

Analytic Methods

Answer 51

the ring-width growth
age trends
within-stand disturbance signal
outside-stand disturbance signal
climate