i. Flashcards

1
Q

Forestry

A

the science, art and business of managing forests to obtain goods such as
wood, water and game animals

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2
Q

ecology

A

the scientific study of relations between living organisms and their
environment

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3
Q

forest ecology

A

the scientific study of relations between forest organisms and
the forest environment

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4
Q

3 criteria for a forest

A

i. height: a forest is dominated by trees, and a tree is a woody plant that would be at least 5 meters [16 ft] in height in that location when it has become old and has reached its maximum height.
ii. area: trees cover at least 10% of the land and total at least 0.5 hectares [1.25 acres]; thus if trees cover 10% of the area there would need to be 5 hectares of land to get the 0.5 hectares of tree cover.
iii. land-use: the current primary use is not agriculture or orchard
is 0.5 hectare in area;
is nonagricultural; and will meet the height requirement as the seedlings are of a tree-species,
and trees by definition will be at least 5 meters [16 ft] tall when they are mature

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5
Q

open forest

A

if tree cover is greater than or equal to 10% and greater than or
equal to 0.5 hectares, but most of the tree crowns do not intersect

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6
Q

closed forest

A

if the crowns (comprised of the tree’s branches and leaves) of most
of the trees in an area intersect each other

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7
Q

characteristics of a primary forest

A

i. has never been extensively cleared by people,
ii. has developed following a natural disturbance (e.g. fire, wind, flooding),
iii. is dominated by natural processes as the forest grows and matures,
iv. it can have any age, from 1 year to thousands of years

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8
Q

secondary forest has the following characteristics

A

i. it developed after widespread human clearance (that is, disturbance) of the preexisting vegetation (for example, deforestation for wood or to create agricultural fields)
ii. became revegetated either artificially by the planting of trees by people, or by natural
processes such as wind or animal dispersal of tree seeds
iii. human disturbances favor different plant species than do natural disturbances

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9
Q

old growth forest

A

can be primary forest or secondary forest, are old enough that the structure of its trees and forest are distinct from the structure of trees and forest in young forests

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10
Q

characteristics of old growth forests

A
  • no evidence of human disturbance, such as stumps or fences
  • presence of long-lived and shade-tolerant tree species
  • standing dead trees (snags)
  • pit and mound shapes on the forest floor
  • multiple growth layers
  • many large logs in different stages of decay
  • many fungus, lichens, ferns and moss, as they grow well in the shade and on rotting wood
  • natural disturbances kill canopy trees and thus create canopy gaps
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11
Q

characteristics of old growth trees

A
  • soaring branchless trunks
  • single stems, as multiple-stems usually form from stump-sprouts that occur after a tree is cut down by people
  • trunks with a diameter at breast height (DBH) of 3 ft
  • “antiqued”, balding bark forms as outer bark falls off exposing different inner bark
  • buttressed roots
  • bizarre, sinuous growth forms
  • stag-headed top
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12
Q

light reactions take place …

A

in pigments in thylakoid membranes.

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13
Q

dark reactions occur …

A

in the stroma

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14
Q

shade plants have lower xyz and xyz than sun plants

A

light-compensation point; lower light saturation

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15
Q

sunflecks

A

brief periods [minutes to hours] of sunlight that reaches the forest floor
when the sun shines through gaps in the forest canopy overhead

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16
Q

plants are able to predict changes in seasons by

A

measuring changes in daylength

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17
Q

phytochrome

A

red pigment in leaves

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18
Q

phytochrome mediates seasonal processes such as

A

seed germination, chloroplast development, and flowering

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19
Q

carotenoids

A

pigments that can be yellow, red or orange

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20
Q

main functions of carotenoids

A

to absorb some light in wavelengths not absorbed by chlorophyll, and to minimize harm to chlorophyll molecules from being exposed to too much light and they thus reduce the amount of photoinhibition that occurs.

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21
Q

anthocyanins

A

red or purple pigments

22
Q

Dendrochronology

A

use of tree-rings to determine the timing of events in past

23
Q

who discovered tree-rings

A

Theophrastus [Greek], around 300 BCE

24
Q

who made tree-rings scientific

A

A.E. Douglass in 1900 CE

25
vascular cambium
sheath of cells that covers all the woody parts of the whole tree
26
each annual-ring contains a band of
earlywood and latewood
27
earlywood
xylem cells that form early in the growth season; the cells are large-sized and thin-walled
28
latewood
xylem cells that form later in season; the cells are smaller-sized and thicker walled than the earlywood cell
29
the oldest-growth ring
is in the center of the tree
30
Annual growth rings are common in ___ areas, but are uncommon in ___ areas.
temperate; tropical
31
three forms of annual rings
aporous ring-porous diffuse porous
32
aporous
xylem is made of tracheids. only in needeleaf trees
33
ring-porous
xylem is made of vessels only deciduous trees have ring-porous rings
34
diffuse porous
xylem is made of vessels only deciduous trees have diffuse porous rings
35
Principles of Dendrochronology
the principle of uniformity principle of limiting factors principle of aggregate tree growth principle of regional site selection principle of local site selection principle of cross-dating principle of replication
36
principle of uniformity
to understand how geological features are created, we should simply observe how modern processes such as erosion reshape landscapes
37
principle of limiting factors
although many factors influence a tree’s growth in one location, it is usually influenced most by one limiting factor. in dry areas it is usually precipitation, in cold areas it is usually temperature, and in dense forests it is usually light
38
principle of aggregate tree growth
Rt = At + Ct + WDt + ODt + Et
39
principle of regional site selection
most species occupy a large geographic area, and thus the environmental factors that influence its growth will vary over that area trees growing at edge of range are most likely to respond to their limiting factors
40
principle of local site selection
choose local sites where tree ring-widths vary greatly from year to year
41
principle of cross-dating
recognize that year-to-year variations in ring-widths display unique temporal patterns try to match the unique ring-width patterns between trees, including dead trees; Frost rings, light rings, very narrow or wide rings, are useful to match between trees identify false and missing rings that are keeping the ring-width records from different trees from matching correct the chronology for samples that have missing or false rings, so that the correct calendar year is assigned to each ring
42
principle of replication
obtain many records of tree-rings from many trees because each tree will have experienced a unique history of weather, disturbances etc if changes in ring-widths are caused by inter-annual changes in the environment, then the ring-width patterns will be apparent in many trees if random factors cause the changes, then they will not be apparent in many trees
43
Field Methods
saw increment bored cores core which tree? core where on tree? coring the tree extracting the core coring effect on tree?
44
saw
sawing provides a disk (also called a “cookie”) that contains a detailed tree-ring record if cross-dating indicates that there are missing rings, then with a disk you can search the whole disk for the location of the missing rings disks are necessary if the tree has more than one fire scar disks are necessary if a tree contains decaying, rotting wood sawed disks are the preferred to obtain samples for scientific studies as disks provide the best information
45
increment bored cores
from the environmental perspective, the preferred method to obtain samples
46
3 parts of increment bored cores
the auger the extractor/spoon the handle
47
core which tree?
ease of coring: softwoods vs. hardwoods to get oldest trees in a forest stand, core several of the tallest trees in that forest if you want to maximize detection of local events such as within-stand disturbances, then core multiple trees that are less than one tree-height apart if you want to minimize the signal of local events such as tree-falls, and instead maximize broader environmental signals, then core multiple trees that are more than one tree-height apart
48
core where on tree?
if you want to get the maximum age of the tree, core as close as possible to the ground if you want the climatic signal from the tree-rings, avoid root flare avoid coring into old branch holes as the core will then contain an uninterpretable mixture of branch and stem avoid coring in cracks that go into the wood as they may be rotten, or they may simply result in no wood being extracted DO start coring in grooves in the bark as that makes it easier for the threads of the corer to grip the tree
49
two types of reaction wood
tension wood in hardwoods compression wood in needle-leaf trees
50
Lab Methods
wood preparation measuring ring-widths cross-dating
51
Analytic Methods
the ring-width growth age trends within-stand disturbance signal outside-stand disturbance signal climate