I-101 Midterm Flashcards
Limits of Computing (Management)
Metatags: info about an item (digital).
Emotion (Emoticons) does not transfer well to computing
Limits of Computing (Storage)
Humans use decimal (Base10) to represent numbers. Computers use Binary (Base2) to represent numbers.
Wicked Problems
Difficult or impossible to solve because of incomplete, contradictory, and changing requirements that are often difficult to recognize. E.g. (1) designing a safe way for students to cross 10th street; (2) fixing the U.S. healthcare system; (3) creating an E-Math Textbook.
Wicked Problems (in depth)
(1) You don’t understand the problem until you have developed a solution
(2) Wicked problems have no stopping rule
(3) Solutions to wicked problems are not right or wrong (can be better or worse)
(4) Every wicked problem is essentially unique and novel
(5) Solutions to a wicked problem is a “one-shot” operation
(6) Wicked problems have no given alternative solutions
Tame Problems
Has a definite solution. Has a solution that can be evaluated and is definable and stable. E.g. Provide detailed instructions for making a peanut butter and jelly sandwhich; (2) a game of chess.
Analog
“Real World”, cannot be copied EXACTLY, continuously
Digital
“Virtual”, CAN be copied exactly, a sample of something, represented O’s and 1’s
Identifying the Specific Problem
(1) Who, what, where, when, why, how?
(2) Draw it out! Diagramming, etc…
(3) Research: interview, observe
(4) Writing Exercises: define what’s going on (restate the problem in a different way) and note what is NOT happening.
Common Problem Solving Mistakes (7 ways)
(1) Satisficing
(2) Palliative
(3) Bold Statements
(4) Ad Hominem
(5) Procrustean
(6) Post Hoc Ergo Propter Hoc
(7) Rose Colored Glasses
Adding Structure to Problem Solving (3 ways)
(1) Using methodologies
(2) Conducting thorough research
(3) Testing Solutions
Propositions
“True or False” statements
Propositional Logic
- (conjunction, disjunction, negation)
- Truth tables
- Type of outcomes (tautology, contradiction, contingency)
- Logical equivalency
- Drawing circuits
Conjunction
(and) (^) (*) result is true if both are true
Disjunction
(or) (v) (+) result is true as long as one is true
Negation
(¬) opposite of object
Tautology
All 1’s (or ALL True)
Contradiction
All 0’s (or All False)
Contingency
any mix of 0’s and 1’s
Logical Equivalency
Two statements are Logically Equivalent if and only if they are true in precisely the same situations. Another way to think of a pair of logically equivalent statements is as two statements that say the exact same thing. If one of them is true, the other is true; if one of them is false, the other is false.
Algorithims
Things considered to be structured, sequencial (1,2,3,….). E.g. (1) Computer Program; (2) Food Recipe.
Heuristics
General guidelines, “Rule of thumb”, common practices. E.g. (1) “Don’t Speed!”; (2) “Science”
Logical Thinking
Each phrase has one and only one meaning. The rules are clear and do not change.
Critical Thinking
Creative, using past experiences, making connections, being able to formulate answers. E.g. what problem(s) could be solved using vending machines at IU dorms?
Utility Analysis
For each probability, multiply times utility to get best possible outcome
Utility
measure of the benefit we expect to get from an event happening
Process (JES)
how we do something/accomplish something
Program (JES)
a specific language that allows a process to occur
Algorithm (JES)
a set of rules/description of the process (ex. a recipe)
To Call (JES)
basically to have the program pull up something that is stored in it’s “memory”
Command (JES)
does something (ex. print)
Function (JES)
a full line of code that makes something happen
Strings (JES)
any combination of letters, numbers, etc… that are enclosed by “quotations” Example: “hello”, “1101101”, “I am the best!!!”
Variable (JES)
a symbolic name used to store and represent data/information to be used somewhere within a program
Satisficing
(to Satisfy/Suffice) a temporary solution to a problem where a permanent fix is possible. E.g. Duct Taping the wing of a plane.
Palliative
Temporary relief. Something that prevents/halts a problem where a permanent fix is NOT possible. E.g. Using an inhaler to treat an Asthma flare up
Bold Statements
statements that can NEVER always be true. E.g. A sign that reads “Always open” but says “closed” underneath.
Ad Hominem
“to the man”. Just because somebody (like a celebrity) says something it has to be true. E.g. Michael Phelps in Subway commercials; (2) Geico Real Customer Testimonial commercial.
Procrustean
“One size fits all”. Tailoring data to fit the container (where it really shouldn’t). E.g. Expect some results, if the results are not satisfying, modify the results to satisfy.
Past Hoc Ergo Propter Hoc
“after therefore because of this”. Linking unrelated things to each other. E.g. More kids in college and also more kids in jail – college is causing kids to go to jail.
Rose Colored Glasses
Being unrealistically optimistic. E.g. making an excuse to make a terrible situation better.
HTML skeleton
html head title Title of the Webpage /title /head body CONTENT GOES HERE /body /html
body tag
shows where the viewable area of the HTML page is.
strong tag
makes text bold
p tag
paragraph
title tag
Title of webpage shown on Tab at top.
