Hypothesis Testing & regression Flashcards
A specific, testable prediction about what you expect to happen in a study
Research Hypothesis
Predicts the relationship between a single dependent variable and a single independent variable
Simple Hypothesis
Predicts the relationship between two or more independent and dependent variables
Complex Hypothesis
Specifies the expected direction to be followed to determine the relationship between variables and is derived from theory
Directional hypothesis
Does not predict the exact direction or nature of the relationship between the two variables. Used when no theory is involved or when findings contradict previous research
Non-directional hypothesis
Defines interdependency between variables. A change in one variable results in the change of the other variable.
Associative hypothesis
Proposes an effect on the dependent due to manipulation of the independent variable
casual hypothesis
States a negative statement to support the researcher’s findings that there is no relationship between the variables
Null hypothesis
There is a relationship between the two variables of the study and that the results are significant to the research topic
Alternative hypothesis
Statement of no difference between sample means or proportions or no difference between a sample mean or proportion and a population mean or proportion
Null hypothesis
The difference of this hypothesis equates to 0
Null hypothesis
Claim about the population that is contradictory to Ho
Alternative hypothesis
greater than or equal to, less than or equal to, and equal to is used for what hypothesis
Null hypothesis
A procedure used by statisticians to determine whether or not to reject a statement about a population
Hypothesis Testing
Steps in hypothesis testing
State the null and alternative
determine level of significance and CV
Compute test statistic
decision rule
Draw conclusion
What error: Rejection of the null hypothesis when it is true
Type I Error
What error: Nonrejection of the null hypothesis when it is false
Type II error
Considered as level of risk and is the maximum allowable prob or committing a type 1 error
“a” or Level of significance or confidence level
When values fall in this region, it means that there is a significant difference between the actual value and its hypothesized value. The shaded region
Critical Region
Non-shaded region. when value values in this region, the difference is due to chance.
Non-critical region
What test to use if the sample size is greater than or equal to 30
Z-test
What test to use if the sample size is less than 30 and uses sample variance
t-test
What test to use if the sample is less than 30 and uses population variance
Z-test
A set of statistical processes for estimating the relationships between a dependent variable and one or more independent variables
regression analysis
Most common form of regression analysis where one finds the line that most likely fits the data according to a specific mathematical criterion
Linear regression
A tool for analyzing relationships between two variables for determining how closely the two variables are related
Scatter diagram
More points on the line heading up =
large positive correlation
A measure of the strength of a linear association between two variables and is denoted by r
Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient
The stronger the association of the two variables, the closer the person correlation coefficient, r, is to____
+1 or -1 depending on the relationship of negative and positive
Staistical method that allows us to to summarize and study relationships between two continuous variables
Simple linear regression
One variable, denoted as X, is regarded as
The predictor or independent variable
Another variable, denoted as Y, is regarded as
Predictor or independent variable
IN the equation y = mx+b, b is the
y-intercept
In the equation y = mx+b, m stands for
The slope of the line
Drawn within the scatter diagram to show the general trend of the data
Best-fit line
Y’ = a + bX, what do they each stand for
Y’ = predicted value of Y for a selected value of X
a = y -intercept
b = slope of the line or the average change in Y’ for each one-unit change
Formula in calculating coefficient of determination
r^2
