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Cell biology > Hypothalamus & pituitary (lecture 26) > Flashcards

Hypothalamus & pituitary (lecture 26) Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the hypothalamus composed of?

A

nervous tissue - neurones

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2
Q

What is the pituitary composed of?

A

Anterior and posterior lobes

also known as the hypophysis

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3
Q

What is the anterior pituitary composed of?

A

True endocrine tissue
Known as the andenohypophysis

Originates from Rathke’s pouch

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4
Q

What is the posterior pituitary composed of?

A

Made of neurones
Known as the neurohypophysis

Consists of axons & nerve endings of neurones whose cell bodies reside in the hypothalamus

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5
Q

What is the hypothalamic-pituitary axis also known as?

A

The hypothalamohypophyseal

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6
Q

What is the hypothalamus?

A

The region of the brain which plays a key role in homeostasis

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7
Q

Structure of the posterior pituitary?

A

Stalk links hypothalamus to the posterior pituitary
Cell bodies of the neurones are in the paraventricular & supraoptic nuclei
The neurones are called the magnocellular neurones
Nerve terminals are in the posterior pituitary
Hormones are synthesised & taken down the axon to be stored in the nervous hermerals in the posterior pituitary before being released into the blood circulation

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8
Q

Structure of the anterior pituitary?

A 
Connected to hypothalamus by pituitary stalk 
Parvocellular neurones (red) are in the hypothalamus – cell bodies & nerve terminals are both in the hypothalamus 
Release products (neuropeptides) into the blood – portal blood supply that carries blood from hypothalamus down pituitary stalk to anterior pituitary 
Hormones act on the cells in the anterior pituitary which release a hormone into circulation
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9
Q

What do hypothalamic hormones do?

A

release hypothalamic hypophysiotropic hormones into the portal circulation & act upon the anterior pituitary

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10
Q

What is TRH?

A

Thyrotropin-releasing hormone

Hypothalamic hormone
Stimulating hormone

Stimulates TSH & prolactin release

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11
Q

What is GnRH?

A

Gonadotrophin-releasing hormone

Hypothalamic hormone
Stimulating hormone

Stimulates FSH & LH release

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12
Q

What is CRH?

A

Corticotrophin-releasing hormone

Hypothalamic hormone
Stimulating hormone

Stimulates ACTH & prolactin release

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13
Q

What is GHRH?

A

Growth hormone-releasing hormone

Hypothalamic hormone
Stimulating hormone

Stimulates GH release

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14
Q

What is growth hormone-release inhibiting hormone?

A

Also called somatostatin

Hypothalamic hormone
Inhibitory hormone

Inhibition of GH release, also of gastin, VIP, glucagon & insulin

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15
Q

What is dopamine?

A

Hypothalamic hormone
Inhibitory hormone

Inhibits prolactin release

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16
Q

What do posterior pituitary hormones do?

A

Hormones produced in the magnocellular neurones of the hypothalamus & stored in the posterior pituitary prior to release

Released on demand

17
Q

What is oxytocin?

A

Posterior pituitary hormone

Uterine smooth muscle contraction
Breast myoepithelial contraction

18
Q

What is ADH?

A

Antidiuretic hormone

Posterior pituitary hormone

Water retention by the kidneys

19
Q

What do anterior pituitary hormones do?

A

Release hormones into systemic circulation

Release controlled by hypothalamic hypophysiotropic hormones in portal hypophyseal vessels

20
Q

What is TSH?

A

Thyroid stimulating hormone
Anterior pituitary hormone

Released by thyrotrophs

Stimulates thyroid hormone release

21
Q

What is FSH?

A

Follicle stimulating hormone
Anterior pituitary hormone

Released by gonadotrophs

Stimulate sex steroid production

22
Q

What is LH?

A

Luteinizing hormone
Anterior pituitary hormone

Released by gonadotrophs

Stimulate sex steroid production

23
Q

What is ACTH?

A

Adrenocorticotropic hormone
Anterior pituitary hormone

Released by corticotrophs

Stimulates corticol release

24
Q

What is GH?

A

Growth hormone
Anterior pituitary hormone

Released by somatotrophs

Stimulates growth

25
Q

What is prolactin?

A

Anterior pituitary hormone

Released by lactotrophs

Stimulates milk production

26
Q

What is the structure of growth hormone?

A

191 amino acid peptide hormone synthesised by somatotrophs in the anterior pituitary

27
Q

How does growth hormone work?

A

Released in response to growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH) from the hypothalamus

Release inhibited by growth hormone-inhibiting hormone (somatostatin) from the hypothalamus

Stimulates growth, cell reproduction & regeneration

Functions of growth hormone can be direct or indirect via insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1)

28
Q

Acute metabolic actions of GH? (direct actions)

A

Release fatty acids from adipose tissue & enhances their conversion to acetyl-CoA – promotes muscle growth

Reduced glucose metabolism & uptake into cells, especially the liver

Increased gluconeogenesis in the liver

Increased production of insulin-like growth factor (IGF-1)

29
Q

Long term effects of GH via IGF-1? (indirect effects)

A

Growth promoting action on bone, epiphyseal cartilage, soft tissue, gonads, viscera

Promotes amino acid uptake & protein synthesis

Insulin-like endocrine effects on tissue

30
Q

What is hypo-pituitary dwarfism?

A

Under functioning of the pituitary (less GH)

31
Q

What is pituitary giantism?

A

Excessive GH secretion in early life

32
Q

What is acromegaly?

A

Excessive GH secretion in adulthood

Cell biology (14 decks)

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