hypothalamus and pituitary

Question 1

What is a primary endocrinological disease?

Answer 1

Caused by disorders of the endocrine gland (e.g., Addison disease)

Primary diseases originate from the gland itself.

Question 2

What is a secondary endocrinological disease?

Answer 2

Caused by disorders of the pituitary (e.g., Cushing disease)

Secondary diseases are a result of issues with the pituitary gland affecting other glands.

Question 3

What is a tertiary endocrinological disease?

Answer 3

Caused by disorders of the hypothalamus (e.g., hypothalamic trauma, hemorrhage)

Tertiary diseases stem from dysfunction in the hypothalamus.

Question 4

list some diseases of the pituitary gland

Answer 4

Hypopituitarism
Prolactinoma
Acromegaly
Diabetes insipidus
SIADH
Central precocious puberty

Question 5

list some diseases of the adrenal cortex

Answer 5

Hypocortisolism
Cushing syndrome
Primary hyperaldosteronism
Congenital adrenal hyperplasia
Adrenal insufficiency

Question 7

What are paracrine hormones?

Answer 7

Hormones that affect neighboring cells via diffusion

Example: D cells of the stomach produce somatostatin to inhibit neighboring G cells from secreting gastrin.

Question 8

What is the function of D cells in the stomach?

Answer 8

Produce somatostatin to inhibit neighboring G cells from secreting gastrin

Somatostatin plays a role in regulating gastric acid secretion.

Question 9

What are autocrine hormones?

Answer 9

Hormones that affect the secreting cell itself

Autocrine signaling is particularly important for the self-renewal of embryonic stem cells.

Question 10

Why is autocrine signaling important?

Answer 10

It is particularly important for the self-renewal of embryonic stem cells

Autocrine signaling allows cells to regulate their own activity.

Question 11

What are endocrine hormones?

Answer 11

Hormones secreted into the bloodstream to reach their targets

Endocrine hormones can affect distant organs and tissues.

Question 12

What role do pancreatic β cells play in hormone secretion?

Answer 12

Secrete insulin directly into the bloodstream

Insulin stimulates the uptake of glucose by hepatic, muscle, and adipose tissue cells.

Question 13

Fill in the blank: Paracrine hormones affect neighboring cells via _______.

Answer 13

diffusion

Question 14

True or False: Autocrine hormones affect neighboring cells.

Answer 14

False

Question 15

Fill in the blank: Endocrine hormones are secreted into the _______ to reach their targets.

Answer 15

bloodstream

Question 16

What are steroid hormones derived from?

Answer 16

Cholesterol

Steroid hormones include testosterone, progesterone, estrogen, glucocorticoids, and mineralocorticoids.

Question 17

Name a type of steroid hormone.

Answer 17

Testosterone
Progesterone
Estrogen
Glucocorticoids
Mineralocorticoids

Question 18

What are amine hormones derived from?

Answer 18

A single amino acid such as phenylalanine, tyrosine, or tryptophan

Examples include catecholamines and thyroid hormones.

Question 19

What are peptide hormones derived from?

Answer 19

A few or many amino acids

Examples include oxytocin, vasopressin, prolactin, glucagon, and insulin.

Question 20

Fill in the blank: Steroid hormones include _______.

Answer 20

Testosterone, progesterone, estrogen, glucocorticoids, mineralocorticoids

They are all derived from cholesterol.

Question 21

True or False: Peptide hormones are derived from a single amino acid.

Answer 21

False

Peptide hormones are derived from a few or many amino acids.

Question 22

What type of hormones diffuse through the lipid plasma membrane of cells?

Answer 22

Lipophilic hormones

Lipophilic hormones bind to intracellular receptors and affect transcription.

Question 23

What is a characteristic effect of lipophilic hormones?

Answer 23

Usually have long-term effects with delayed onset

An example is sex hormones.

Question 24

What are two examples of lipophilic hormones?

Answer 24

• Steroid hormones
• Thyroid hormones

Question 25

What type of hormones are water-soluble?

Answer 25

Hydrophilic hormones ## Footnote Hydrophilic hormones bind to receptor proteins on the cellular membrane.

Question 26

What types of hormones are classified as hydrophilic?

Answer 26

Amine hormones and Peptide hormones, Except for thyroid hormones, which are lipophilic

Question 27

What is the process by which steroid hormones and thyroid hormones are inactivated?

Answer 27

Inactivation and conjugation in the liver and excretion in bile ## Footnote This involves chemical modifications that render hormones inactive and facilitate their elimination.

Question 28

How are catecholamines degraded?

Answer 28

Enzymatic degradation and excretion in urine (e.g., vanillylmandelic acid) ## Footnote Catecholamines are broken down by enzymes and their metabolites are excreted in urine.

Question 29

What is the main site of proteolytic degradation for peptide/protein hormones?

Answer 29

Mainly in the liver and kidneys ## Footnote These organs play a crucial role in breaking down peptide and protein hormones into their constituent amino acids.

Question 30

Fill in the blank: Steroid hormones and thyroid hormones undergo _______ in the liver.

Answer 30

[inactivation and conjugation] ## Footnote This step is essential for their elimination from the body.

Question 31

what is the function of the hypothalamus

Answer 31

*regulation of hormonal secretion by the anterior pituitary gland via the hypothalamic-pituitary axis *secretion/storage of ADH and oxytocin *Reception and integration of sensory inputs (e.g., from area postrema, OVLT) *Thirst and hunger regulation *Autonomic function control *Thermoregulation

Question 32

after being made in the hypothalamus, where is ADH and oxytocin transported to

Answer 32

Both hormones are transported to the posterior pituitary via neurophysins (a group of carrier proteins) and released into the circulation as needed.

Question 33

ADH stands for

Answer 33

antidiuretic hormone (vasopressin)

Question 34

what is ADH

Answer 34

A posterior pituitary hormone that regulates blood pressure, fluid balance, and sodium balance by causing the sensation of thirst, increased water reabsorption in the renal collecting ducts, and peripheral arteriolar constriction.

Question 36

Where is the pituitary gland located?

Answer 36

In the sella turcica of the middle cranial fossa

Question 37

How is the pituitary gland connected to the hypothalamus?

Answer 37

Via the pituitary stalk

Question 38

What are the two major parts of the pituitary gland?

Answer 38

* Anterior pituitary gland (adenohypophysis) * Posterior pituitary gland (neurohypophysis)

Question 39

What does the anterior pituitary gland develop from?

Answer 39

Oral ectoderm (Rathke pouch)

Question 40

What does the posterior pituitary gland develop from?

Answer 40

Neural ectoderm

Question 41

What are the three major types of pituitary cells?

Answer 41

* Acidophil cells * Basophilic cells * Chromophobe cells

Question 42

What do acidophil cells secrete?

Answer 42

* Prolactin * Growth hormone (GH)

Question 43

What do basophilic cells secrete?

Answer 43

* Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) * Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) * Luteinizing hormone (LH) * Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)

Question 44

How do acidophil cells stain?

Answer 44

Well with acidic dyes such as eosin

Question 45

How do basophilic cells stain?

Answer 45

Well with basic dyes (e.g., hematoxylin)

Question 46

How do chromophobe cells stain?

Answer 46

Poorly with both acidic and basic dyes

Question 47

What is the function of the anterior pituitary gland?

Answer 47

* Regulation of endocrine gland function via tropic hormones * Secretion of nontropic hormones with direct peripheral effects

Question 48

What hormones does the posterior pituitary gland store and release?

Answer 48

* Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) * Oxytocin

Question 49

What is secreted by the intermediate pituitary gland?

Answer 49

Melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH)

Question 50

What are tropic hormones?

Answer 50

Hormones that act on endocrine glands to mediate their effects

Question 51

What is common among all pituitary glycoprotein hormones?

Answer 51

They have a common alpha subunit

Question 52

What distinguishes each pituitary glycoprotein hormone?

Answer 52

Each hormone has a unique beta subunit

Question 53

What are nontropic hormones?

Answer 53

Hormones that act directly on target-tissue cells

Question 54

B-FLAT

Answer 54

Basophilic cells secrete FSH, LH, ACTH, and TSH.

Question 55

“PiG on Acid”

Answer 55

Prolactin and GH are secreted by Acidophils.