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DEMS IV > hypothalamic control of pituitary > Flashcards

hypothalamic control of pituitary Flashcards

1
Q

what connects the hypothalamus with the anterior pituitary

A

hypothalamo-hypophyseal portal system

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2
Q

describe the hypothalamo-hypophyseal portal system

A

Blood enters the median eminence through the superior hypophyseal arteries, which forms a capillary plexus. Nerve terminals of hypothalamic neurons terminate here, and their neurohormones are released into this capillary bed and then are transported via the portal system vasculature to a second capillary plexus in the anterior lobe

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3
Q

What classes of hormones does the hypothalamus secrete

A

peptides and dopamine (catecholamine)

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4
Q

List the hypothalamic hormones

A

Thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH), Gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH), Corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH), Growth hormone releasing factor (GHRH), Somatostatin (GH inhibiting hormone; GIH), Prolactin inhibiting factor (PIH, aka dopamine)

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5
Q

What effect does TRH have on anterior pituitary

A

increases release of TSH and PRL

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6
Q

What effect does GnRH have on anterior pituitary

A

increases release of LH and FSH

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7
Q

What effect does CRH have on anterior pituitary

A

Increases POMC and ACTH release

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8
Q

What effect does GHRH have on anterior pituitary

A

release of GH

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9
Q

What effect does somatostatin have on anterior pituitary

A

decreases release of GH and TSH

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10
Q

What effect does PIH have on anterior pituitary

A

decreases PRL

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11
Q

describe release of hypothalamic hormones

A

Stimulation of hypothalamic neurons > action potential > Ca entery at nerve terminal through voltage gated channels > hormone released via secretory vesicles

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12
Q

describe cellular mechanisms of hypothalamic hormones on the anterior pituitary

A

hypothalamic hormone binds to G-protein receptor on target cells in anterior pituitary > cell signaling mechanisms > hormone release from the receptor is mediated by extracellular Ca

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13
Q

Which hypothalamic hormones bind to Gs and what is the second messenger pathway involved

A

CRH and GHRH- Bind Gs > stimulate adenylate cyclase to produce cAMP in corticotrophs and somatotrophs respectively.

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14
Q

Which hypothalamic hormones bind to Gi and what is the second messenger pathway involved

A

somatostatin and DA- Binds Gi > decreased levels of cAMP

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15
Q

GnRH signaling

A

In gonadotrophs, GnRH receptor activation leads to the hydrolysis of membrane phosphatidyl inositol

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16
Q

TRH signaling

A

In thyrotrophs and lactotrophs, hydrolysis of phosphatidyl inositol plays role

17
Q

role of arachidonic acid signaling pathway

A

may be involved in release mechanism used by pituitary cells

18
Q

Mechanisms of hormone release at pituitary

A
  1. Second messengers cause Ca flux from outside into cell to mediate release. 2. Production of IP3 (mediated by Gq and PLC) increases cytosolic Ca from intracellular stores mediating release
19
Q

what is the adenohypophysis and the neurohypophysis

A

adenohypophysis: anterior pituitary. Neurohypophysis: posterior pituitary

20
Q

Where are hormones secreted from the anterior pituitary

A

the pars distalis aka anterior lobe

21
Q

List the hormones of the anterior pituitary

A

TSH, LH, FSH, growth hormone, corticotropin (ACTH) and proopiomelanocortin (POMC), prolactin

22
Q

For each of the anterior pituitary hormones, list the hypothalamic hormone affecting its release and the cell that secretes it

A

TSH: TRH stimulates release via thyrotrophs. LH and FSH: GnRH stimulates release via gonadrotrophs. GH: GHRH stimulates and somatostatin inhibits release from somatotrophs. ACTH and POMC: CRH stimulates release from corticotrophs. Prolactin: PIH (DA) inhibits release and prolactin releasing factor (TRH) stimulates release from mammotrophs.

23
Q

Which pituitary hormones are glycoproteins

A

TSH, LH and FSH

24
Q

Which pituitary hormones are polypeptides

A

growth hormone and prolactin

25
Q

which pituitary hormones are derived from POMC

A

ACTH- POMC is cleaved in anterior and intermediate lobes of pituitary giving rise to ACTH, and N terminal fragment and beta-lipotropin.

26
Q

Describe the pattern of hormone release from adenohypophysis

A

pulsatile- plasma levels show spikes. Directed by pulsatile secretion of hypothalamic hormones. Strong evidence for LH, FSH, and ACTH. Also, circadian rhythms affect the pattern of release

27
Q

What controls the pulsatile release of hypothalamic hormones

A

an endogenous pacemaker

28
Q

Hyperprolactinemia

A

Excess prolactin inhibits pulsatile secretion of GnRH causing gonadal dysfunction

29
Q

Which hormone is elevated shortly after sleep and which is elevated in the morning

A

GH secretion is elevated shortly after sleep onset, whereas ACTH is highest during the early morning hours.

30
Q

Where are neurohypophyseal hormones synthesized

A

In the supraoptic and paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus.

31
Q

describe the cell types of the supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei

A

1) the magnocellular neurons, whose processes extend into the posterior pituitary and end in the pars nervosa and 2) the parvocellular neurons, which end at the median eminence and produce the anterior pituitary regulating hormones

32
Q

Posterior pituitary control of anterior pituitary

A

some of the posterior pituitary hormones can reach the anterior lobe where they can have some functions e.g. ADH can act on corticotrophs to increase ACTH production. Cortisol, regulated by ACTH, can in turn, inhibit both ADH function in the kidneys and release at the hypothalamus.

33
Q

List hormones released by neurohypophysis

A

antidiuretic hormone (ADH) and oxytocin

34
Q

Synthesis of neurohypophyseal hormones

A

Synthesized as prohormone > packaged into secretory vesicles and cleaved into hormone and protein neurophysin as vesicles travel down axon of neuron into posterior pituitary > AP activates Ca channels > release of neurohormone

35
Q

what causes release of ADH

A

Increased plasma osmolarity or decreased BP

36
Q

ADH actions

A

It acts on the cells of the renal tubule and collecting ducts to alter water permeability and conserve water. Also acts as pressor agent, increasing BP

37
Q

ADH receptors

A

There are two kinds of ADH receptors: 1. V1 coupled to Gq and the Phospholipase C pathway, mediates the vasopressive action of ADH. 2. V2 coupled to Gs and the cAMP pathway regulates the effects of ADH on glomerular filtration rates in the kidney

38
Q

When is oxytocin secreted

A
  1. During the passage of the infant through the cervix at childbirth. 2. During sexual intercourse. 3. In response to suckling by the infant during breast-feeding. This neuroendocrine reflex can be conditioned

DEMS IV (26 decks)

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