Hypothalamic And Pituitary Hormones

Question 0

List the hormones which operate through nuclear receptors

Answer 0

Androgen, estrogen, progesterone, thyroid hormone, retinoids acid, and vitamin D

Question 1

List which receptors use the following effectors: G alpha S, G alpha I, G alpha Q, Linked Tyrosine Kinases, and cytosolic kinases

Answer 1

GPCR = G alpha S = all not listed
GPCR = G  alpha I = alpha-adrenergic and somatostatin
GPCR = G alpha Q = GnRH and TRH

RTK = Linked tyrosine kinases = IGF-1 and Insulin

Cytokine Receptor-linked kinases = cytosolic kinases = PRL and GH

Question 2

Describe the GH axis with respect to hypothalamic hormone, anterior pituitary hormone, target organ, and primary target organ hormone.

Answer 2

Hypothalamic hormones = GHRH (+) & Somatostatin (-)
Anterior Pituitary Hormones = GH (somatotropin)
Target Organs = bones , liver, muscle, kidneys
Primary Target Hormone = IGF-1

Question 3

Describe the Thyroid axis with respect to hypothalamic hormone, anterior pituitary hormone, target organ, and primary target organ hormone.

Answer 3

Hypothalamic hormone = TRH
Anterior pituitary hormone = TSH
Primary target = thyroid
Primary target hormone = Thyroxine and Triiodothyronine

Question 4

Describe the ACTH axis with respect to hypothalamic hormone, anterior pituitary hormone, target organ, and primary target organ hormone.

Answer 4

Hypothalamic hormone = CRH
Anterior pituitary hormone = ACTH
Primary target = adrenals
Primary target hormone = cortisol

Question 5

Describe the GnRH axis with respect to hypothalamic hormone, anterior pituitary hormone, target organ, and primary target organ hormone.

Answer 5

Hypothalamic hormone = GnRH
Anterior pituitary hormone = LH & FSH
Primary target = gonads
Primary target hormone = Testosterone, Estrogen, and Progesterone

Question 6

Name the Recombinant HGH and its uses

Answer 6

Somatotropin; Used for GH deficiency, short stature pediatric patients (Prader-Willi, Turner, Noonan)’ chronic wasting, complete parenteral nutrition with SBS, and cows.

Question 7

What is the rhIGF-1, its uses, and adverse effects?

Answer 7

Mecasermin - mecasermin rinfabate has IGFBP-3 to extend half-life.

Uses - IGF-1 deficiency unresponsive to GH, Children with GH deletions and neutralizing antibodies

ADR - hypoglycemia

Question 8

What are the two growth hormone antagonist strategies, and their associated drugs?

Answer 8

1. Reduce GH secretion - octreotide and lanreotide

2. GHR receptor antagonist - pegvisomant

Question 9

What are the effects, uses, half-life, and ADRs of somatostatin analogs octreotide and lanreotide?

Answer 9

Effects - inhibits the secretion of GH & insulin > gastrin, glucagon, and others

Uses - GH secreting pituitary adenomas

ADRs - N/V/gallstones, steatorrhea, sinus bradycardia, and conduction disturbances

Question 10

What is the MOA of pegvisomant and its efficacy?

Answer 10

A GHR-antagonist which is more effective than somatostatin analogs

Question 11

What is the MOA, Use, and ADR of bromocriptine and cabergoline?

Answer 11

MOA - D2 agonists which activate a G alpha I subunit
Uses - Hyperprolactinemia (Also acromegaly and Parkinson’s)
ADRs - headache, nausea, light-headedness, orthodontic hypotension and fatigue

Question 12

What is the MOA and Uses of vasopressin and desmopressin?

Answer 12

MOA - binds receptors V1 and V2

Uses - Central DI, Hemophilia A, VonWillebrand Disease

Question 13

What is the MOA and Uses of conivaptan and tolvaptan?

Answer 13

MOA - V2 receptor antagonist

Uses - Significant hypervolemia and euvolemic hyponatremia (cirrhosis, CHF, and SIADH)