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Cc3 Lec > Hypo,pit... > Flashcards

Hypo,pit... Flashcards

1
Q

Integrative center for many homeostatic circuits?

A

Hypothalamus

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2
Q

Hypothalamus is located in the walls and floors of the ____________ and above the _________

A

Third ventricle

Pituitary gland

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3
Q

Hypothalamus is connected to the posterior pituitary by?

A

Infundibulum

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4
Q

3 types of inputs/ afferent

A

Neuronal, hormonal, local conditions

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5
Q

Has sensor for tempt osmolality

A

Local conditions

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6
Q

Outputs

A

Autonomic nervous system, limbic system, pituitary

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7
Q

3 functions of hypothalamus

A
  • direct control of the autonomic nervous system
  • communication with the limbic system
  • hormonal control of endocrine system
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8
Q

Prolactin inhibitory hormone

A

Dopamine

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9
Q

master gland?

A

Pituitary gland

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10
Q

pituitary gland is also know as?

A

Hypophysis

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11
Q

The main body of pituitary is contained in a small cavity called?

A

Sella turcica or turkish saddle

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12
Q

Anterior pituitary gland is alaso known as?

A

Adenohypophysis

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13
Q

Hormoes which target other endocrine gland?

A

Anterior pituitary gland

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14
Q

Part of pituitary gland that has little function capacity?

A

Intermediate lobe or pars intermedialis

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15
Q

Posterior pituitary gland is also known as?

A

Neurohypophysis

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16
Q

Posterior pituitary gland secretes _______ & __________?

A

Oxytocin and Vasopressin (ADH)

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17
Q

May be peptides or glycoproteins?

A

Anterior pituitary Gland

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18
Q

What type of cells secretes growth hormone?

A

Somatotropes

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19
Q

What type of cells secretes prolactin?

A

Lactotropes or mammotropes

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20
Q

What type of cells secretes TSH?

A

Tyrotropes

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21
Q

What type of cells secretes FSH and LH?

A

Gonadotropes

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22
Q

What type of cells secretes ACTH

A

Corticotropes

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23
Q

2 classification of hormone?

A

Tropic and Direct effector

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24
Q

Acts specifically for another endocrine gland?

A

Tropic hormones

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25
Q

Acts directly on peripheral tissue?

A

Direct effector hormone

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26
Q

Example of direct effector hormone?

A

GH & PRl

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27
Q

Also called Somatotropin?

A

GH

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28
Q

Promotes growth of the body affection the protein hormone formation, cell multiplication and differentiation

A

GH

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29
Q

Secretion of GH occurs every?

A

2-3 hrs

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30
Q

Peaks of GH?

A

Onset of sleep

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31
Q

Growth hormone is inhibited by?

A

Somatostatin or somatomedin C

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32
Q

Influence both anabolic and catabolic process?

A

Growth hormone

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33
Q

Also known as amphibolic hormone?

A

GH

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34
Q

Amphibolic hormones allows effective transition from _________ to __________ without shortage of subtrates

A

Fed state

Fasting state

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35
Q

Ut directly antagonize effect of insulin on glucose metabolism

A

Amphibolic hormone

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36
Q

It provide hepatic gluconeogenesis

A

Amphibolic hormone

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37
Q

it stimulates lipolysis

A

Amphibolic hormone

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38
Q

Amphibolic hormone enhances protein synthesis in __________

A

Skeletal muscle and other tissue

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39
Q

It stimulates production of IGF1

A

Amphibolic hormone

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40
Q

It inhibits lipolysis

A

IGF-1

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41
Q

Examples of stimulators of GH

A

Meals, Excercise, Sleep and hypoglycemia

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42
Q

Give inhibitors of GH

A

Glucose loading, epinephrine, emotional/pyschogenic stress, Nutritional deficiencies, insulin def

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43
Q

Examples of GH disorders

A

Acromegaly & Gigantism

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44
Q

It is the overproduction of GH (______ng/ml)

A

Acromegaly (>50ng/mL)

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45
Q

Acromegaly is usually caused by _______?

A

Pituitary tumors

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46
Q

Give clinical features of acromegaly

A 
Organimegaly (enlarged heart & liver)
Enlargement of extremities
Hyperhidrosis (inc. sweating)
Skin tags
Joint disease 
DM
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47
Q

Treatment for acromegaly?

A

Tumor ablation & Gh suppression

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48
Q

Extreme tall sutures; GH excess occurs before epiphyseal fusion is complete

A

Gigantism

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49
Q

Causes of GH deficiency

A 
Familial 
Tumor such as craniopharyngioma
Aging
Genetic mutations in GHRH OR GH gene
Abnormalities of pituitary gland
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50
Q

Clinical features of GH def. in children (pituitary dwarfism)

A 
Short suture 
Low growth velocity
Immature facial appearance 
Increase adiposity
Retarded bone age
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51
Q

Clinical feature of Gh def. in adults

A

Reduced muscle mass
Inc. adiposity
Osteoporosis/ dec bone density
Dyslipidemia

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52
Q

Treatments for Gh def.

A

GH replacement therapy

Surgical removal of tumor

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53
Q

Specimen for GH test?

A

Fasting serum

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54
Q

Give GH deficiency tests

A

Insulin tolerance test

Arguments stimulation test

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55
Q

Gold standard for Gh def. test?

A

Insulin Tolerance test

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56
Q

GH NV: ________ adults

________ children

A

> 5 ng/ml

>10 ng/ml

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57
Q

What is the test for GH production?

A

Oral glucose loading

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58
Q

What kind of fasting for oral glitches loading?

A

Overnight fast

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59
Q

How many g if glucose load?

A

100g

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60
Q

Measure GH at how many mins?

A

0, 60 & 120 mins after glucose ingestion

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61
Q

Result of GH in normal ppl after taking oral glucose loading?

A

Undetectable GH lvl

62
Q

Result of GH in ppl w/ acromegaly after taking oral glucose loading?

A

Increase GH lvl

63
Q

Control the growth of the ovary and testes and the hormonal and reproductive activities?

A

Gonadotropins ( FSH & LH)

64
Q

Gonadotropin are diagnostic marker for _________ and __________

A

Fertility and menstrual cycles disorder

65
Q

Premature menopause ( inc or dec FSH?)

A

Inc FSH

66
Q

Inc FSH & inc LH after menopause =

A

Lack of estrogen

67
Q

function of FSH in male and female

A

Male: spermatogenesis
Female: ovulation and follicular growth

68
Q

fuction of LH in male

A

Helps leydig cells produce ma testosterone

69
Q

Function of of LH in female?

A

Necessary for ovulation & follicular growth

70
Q

Thyroid- stimulating hormone is also known as?

A

Thyrotropin

71
Q

Main stimulus for uptake of iodide by thyroid gland

A

TSH

72
Q

Controls the rate of secretion of the thyroxine & triiodothyronine

A

TSH

73
Q

Acts to increase the number & size of follicular cells

A

TSH

74
Q

Stimulate Thyroid hormone synthesis?

A

TSH

75
Q

Adenocorticotropic hormone is aka?

A

Corticotropin

76
Q

Single chain structure w/o disulfide bonds

A

ACTH

77
Q

ACTH stimulates adrenal cortex to secrete ___________?

A

Glucocorticoids

78
Q

Decrease cortisol production = (inc or dec) ACTH?

A

Increase

79
Q

ACTH deficiency leads to atrophy of _________________ & ___________?

A

Zona glomerulosa and Zona reticularis

80
Q

Inc ACTH in what diseases?

A

Addison’s dse
Ectopic tumors
After protein meals

81
Q

Diurnal rhythm of ACTH?

A

Inc 6-8 am

Dec. 8-11 pm

82
Q

Spx for ACTH should be collected in?

A

Prechilled plastic tubes (ACTH adhere)

83
Q

Also known as stress hormone

A

Prolactin

84
Q

Function of prolactin?

A

breast growth during pregnancy

Milk secretory activity

85
Q

Stimulated by TSH?

A

Prolactin

86
Q

Inhibited by dopamine?

A

Prolactin

87
Q

Causes of hyperprolactenemia?

A 
Medication (phenothiazine, reserpine & methyl dopa)
Disruption of the pituitary stalk which interrupts flow of dopamine
Physiologic stress ( exercise & seizure)
88
Q

Disorders in Prolactin?

A

Prolactinoma

Idiopathic galactorrhea

89
Q

Pituitary tumor w/c directly secretes prolactin?

A

Prolactinoma

90
Q

Cause menstrual irregularity/ amenorrhea, infertility or galactorrhea
Reduced libido or erectile dysfunction

A

Prolactinoma

91
Q

Lactation occurring in women w/ hormonal prolactin levels

A

Idiopathic galactorrhea

92
Q

What part of the pituitary secretes adh & oxytocin?

A

Posterior pituitary gland

93
Q

ADH is synthesized where?

A

Supraoptic nuclei

94
Q

Oxytocin is synthesized where?

A

Para ventricular nuclei

95
Q

Function of oxytocin?

A

Lactation (milk let-down reflex)

Stimulator of uterine smooth muscle

96
Q

“Fergusson reflex”

A

Oxytocin

97
Q

Synthetic oxytocin used to enhance labor contraction

A

Pitocin

98
Q

Linked to maternal nurturing behavior and mother infant bonding

A

Pitocin

99
Q

____________ Regulates water excretion in the renal tubules (________&_________)

A

ADH

Distal convoluted tubule & collecting duct

100
Q

Assists in water balance

A

ADH

101
Q

Potent professor agent & affects blood clotting

A

ADH

102
Q

ADH increases what factor?

A

FACTOR VII & VWF

103
Q

Secretion of Anti-diuretic hormone is regulated by __________& ______________?

A

Hypothalamic osmoreceptors

Vascular baroreceptors

104
Q

Inc osmolality (>_________) = (inc or dec. ADH?)

A

> 295mosm/kg = inc ADH

105
Q

Decrease osmolality (

A

<284mosm/kg = decrease ADH

106
Q

dec Bloop pressure = (inc or dec) ADH?

A

Increase ADH

107
Q

It inhibits the release of ADH?

A

Ethanol

108
Q

ADH deficiency and has clinical features of normoglycemia, polyuria w/ sp. gravity
Polydipsia
Occasional polyphagia

A

Diabetic insipidus

109
Q

Types of diabetes insipidus

A

True diabetes insipidus & nephrogenic diabetes insipidus

110
Q

Also known as Hypothalamic/ neurogenic diabetes insipidus

A

True diabetes insipidus

111
Q

___________ Pituitary gland does not secrete ADH and has a urine excretion of ________ L/ day

A

True diabetes insipidus & > 3 L/ day

112
Q

Has normal ADH but abnormal ADH receptor and renal resistance to ADH

A

True diabetes insipidus

113
Q

Sustained ADH production without know stimuli

A

Syndrome of inappropriate diuretic hormones

114
Q

Clinical features of syndrome of inappropriate diuretic hormones

A

Dec urine vol
Dec plasma osmolality
N or inc urine Na
Dec plasma electrolytes

115
Q

4 small gland located on the dorsal side of the thyroid gland

A

Parathyroid gland

* must have 4 but some have 8 or 2

116
Q

Smallest endocrine gland in the body

A

Parathyroid gland

117
Q

Parathyroid can also be found outside their normal anatomic side between ___________&___________

A

Hyoid bone in the neck and mediastinum

118
Q

Regulators if Calcium metabolism

A

Parathyroid hormone
Calcitonin
Vitamin D
*also regulates phosphate matabolism

119
Q

Parathyroid hormone is aka?

A

Parathormone or parathyrin

120
Q

Hypercalcemic hormone

A

Parathyroid hormone

121
Q

___________ is a peptide hormone that inc. plasma calcium

A

Parathyroid Hormone

122
Q

PTH is responsible for monitoring ______________ & ______________

A

Plasma calcium and phosphate

123
Q

Causes increase in Plasma calcium

A

Bone resorption
Enhancing renal reabsorption of calcium
Intestinal absorption

124
Q

It releases Parathyroid hormone

A

Chief cells

125
Q

It contains receptors for calcium

A

Chief cells

126
Q

Decrease in plasma calcium level mediates _______________

A

Release of PTH

127
Q

It inhibits PTH

A

hypercalcemia

128
Q

Vit D It is a hormone derived from ___________?

A

Cholesterol

129
Q

Endogenous source of vit D

A

Skin exposure to sun

130
Q

Exogenous source of vit D3

A

Internal organs
Seafoods
Fortified milk

131
Q

Exogenous source of vit D2

A

Edible mushrooms

132
Q

In skin ____________ is converted to vit. D3 after exposure to ___________

A

7 dehydrocholesterol & UVB rays

133
Q

In the liver vitamin D3 is converted to ______________ by _____________

A

25-hydroxy vit D3 by 25 hydroxylase

134
Q

In the kidney 25-OH is converted to ____________ by ____________ under the influence of parathyroid hormone

A

1,25 dihydroxy vit D bye 1a-hydroxylase

135
Q

____________ is convert into D2 after irradiation

A

Ergosterol

136
Q

Line the liver vit D2 is converted to ____________ by 25-hydroxylase

A

25-hydroxyl

137
Q

7-dehydrocholesterol aka

A

Provitamin D3

138
Q

Provitamin D2

A

Ergosterol

139
Q

D3

A

Cholecalciferol

140
Q

D2

A

Ergo calciferol

141
Q

1,25 (OH)2 D is aka

A

Activated vit D

142
Q

Function of activated vit D or 1,25- (OH)2 D

A

Ca absorption in kidney,inestine, bone reabsorption
Differentiate osteoclasts precursor into osteoclasts
Bone mineralization

143
Q

Function of calcium homeostasis

A

Enzyme cofactor
Blood coagulation cascade
Neuromuscular excitability
Helps maintain blood pressure

144
Q

Organs involved in calcium homeostasis

A 
Skin
Liver
Small intestine 
Skeleton 
Kidney
145
Q

Source of calcium diet

A

Bone resorption
Bone deposition
Intestinal absorption
Bone/kidneys

146
Q

Bone resorption

(inc or dec) PTH = (inc or dec) calcium

A

Inc PTH = inc Calcium

147
Q

Bone deposition is promoted by _________

A

Calcitonin

148
Q

Bone deposition

(Inc or dec) calcitonin = (inc or dec) calcium

A

Inc calcitonin = dec calcium

149
Q

Intestinal absorption is induced by ________

A

Vit D3

150
Q

Primary target of PTH

A

Bone/kidney

Cc3 Lec (3 decks)

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