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Endocine Block > Hyperthyroidism And Hypothyroidism > Flashcards

Hyperthyroidism And Hypothyroidism Flashcards

1
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of hyperthyroidism

A 
Heat intolerance
Weight loss despite increased appetite
Exophthalmos/Proptosis
Lid lag
Lid retraction
Increased sweating
Thinning hair, thin and silky skin
Restlessness, irritability, anxiety 
Hyperkinesis
Wakefulness
Tremor
Increased muscle tone
Increased cardiac output
Tachycardia
Palpitations
Dyspnoea
Diarrhoea 
Increased BMR
Increased sensitivity to catecholamines 
Decreased plasma cholesterol
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2
Q

What are the congenital causes of primary hypothyroidism?

A

Thyroid agenesis
Ectopic thyroid
Synthetic defects

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3
Q

List the defects of hormone synthesis that can cause hypothyroidism.

A

Iodine deficiency
Dyshormonogenesis
Antithyroid drugs
Other drugs (lithium, amiodarone, interferon)

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4
Q

List the autoimmune causes of hypothyroidism.

A

Atrophic thyroiditis
Hashimoto’s thyroiditis
Postpartum thyroiditis

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5
Q

Name one infective cause of primary hypothyroidism.

A

Post-subacute thyroiditis

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6
Q

What are the post-surgical causes of hypothyroidism?

A

Radioactive iodine therapy
External neck irradiation
Tumor

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7
Q

What are the causes of secondary hypothyroidism

A

TSH deficiency

TRH deficiency

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8
Q

What are the common causes of hyperthyroidism?

A

Graves’ disease P
Toxic multinodular goiter P
Solitary toxic nodule/adenoma P

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9
Q

List the uncommon causes of hyperthyroidism.

A 
Acute thyroiditis (viral, autoimmune, post-irradiation, postpartum)
Gestational thyrotoxicosis S
Neonatal thyrotoxicosis 
Exogenous iodine
Drugs (amiodarone)
Thyrotoxicosis factitia P
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10
Q

What are the rare causes of hyperthyroidism?

A

TSH-secreting pituitary tumors S
Metastatic differentiated thyroid carcinoma
HCG-producing tumors
Hyperfunctioning ovarian teratoma P

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11
Q

What is Grave’s disease?

A

An autoimmune disorder characterized by abnormal stimulation of the thyroid gland by TSHR-Ab’s

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12
Q

What are the clinical manifestations of Graves’ disease?

A

Thyrotoxicosis (diffuse goiter)
Exophthalmos
Pretibial myxedema

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13
Q

What other autoimmune disorders is Graves’ disease associated with?

A

Pernicious anaemia
Myasthenia gravis
Also associated with HLA-DR3/5 and HLA-B8
Familial tendency is evident

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14
Q

Describe the micropathological appearance of Graves’ disease

A

Scanty colloid
Packed follicles with tall columnar epithelium
Scattered lymphocytes
It’s has a pseudo-papillary growth pattern

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15
Q

Define Hashimoto’s thyroiditis

A

Also known as chronic autoimmune thyroiditis. It is caused by an autoimmune process directed against the thyroid gland. It is the most common cause of hypothyroidism in adults and of goiter in women.

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16
Q

What are the clinical manifestations of Hashimoto’s thyroiditis?

A

Goiter, non-tender

Rarely, a transient sub clinical hyperthyroidism.

17
Q

What disorders is Hashimoto’s thyroiditis associated with?

A 
SLE
Sjogerns 
Rheumatoid Arthritis 
Pernicious Anaemia
DM
Graves' disease
18
Q

Describe the pathological microscopic appearance of Hashimoto’s thyroiditis

A

Lymphocytic infiltration
Scattered follicles
Hurthle cells
Fibrosis

19
Q

Describe the macroscopic pathological appearance of Graves’ disease

A

Diffusely enlarged thyroid gland, red, cut surface resembles pancreas
Prominent vascularity

20
Q

Describe the macroscopic pathological appearance of Hashimoto’s thyroiditis

A

Diffuse, symmetrical enlargement of thyroid gland

Firm, rubbery, pale grey

21
Q

What are the complications of Hashimoto’s thyroiditis?

A

Hypothyroidism
Lymphoma
Papillary Carcinoma

22
Q

What would the TSH and T4 results be in primary hypothyroidism?

A

High TSH

Low T4

23
Q

What would the lab results be of secondary hypothyroidism?

A

Low TSH and T4

24
Q

What would the lab results be of primary hyperthyroidism?

A

Low TSH

High T4

25
Q

What would the lab results be of secondary hyperthyroidism?

A

High TSH and T4

26
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of hypothyroidism?

A 
Cold intolerance
Weight gain despite decreased appetite
Decreased sweating
Coarse, dry skin and hair
Myxedema
Deep/Hoarse voice
Impaired growth (child)
Mental retardation (child)
Mental and physical sluggishness
Somnolence
Decreased muscle tone and reflexes
Decreased cardia output
Bradycardia
Hypoventilation
Constipation
Decreased BMR
Decreased sensitivity to catecholamines
Increased plasma cholesterol

Endocine Block (8 decks)

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