Hypertensives Flashcards
Define and name 4 ACE inhibitors
Inhibits ACE, causing less angiotensin II to be formed, and hence reduces the vasoconstriction of the blood vessels.
eg: Captopril, Enalapril, Lisinopril, Perindopril
Define and name 5 Angiotensin II Type 1 - Receptor Antagonists/ Blockers (ARBs/ Sartans)
Blocks angiotensin II resulting in less vasoconstriction of blood vessels
eg: Candesartan, Irbesartan, Losartan, Telmisartan, Valsartan
Define and name 5 beta-blockers
Blocks adrenaline and noradrenaline from binding to the beta-adrenoreceptors, resulting in decreased force of contraction of the heart and decreased heart rate.
eg: Atenolol, Bisoprolol, Metoprolol, Carvedilol, Propranolol
Define and name 5 Calcium Channel Blockers
Reduces calcium levels in cells, resulting in a lower heart rate, decreased force of contraction of the heart, and relaxed blood vessels.
eg: Diltiazem, Verapamil, Amlodipine, Felodipine, Nicardipine
Define and name 4 thiazide diuretics
Increases urine production, resulting in lower blood volume, and hence a reduced workload on the heart.
eg: Chlorthalidone, Hydrochlorothiazide, Indapamide, Metalozone
List the contraindications for ACE inhibitors
1) Bilateral Renal Artery Stenosis
2) Renal Failure
3) Pregnancy (Damages the fetal renal system during development)
List the contraindications for Sartans
1) Bilateral Renal Artery Stenosis
2) Renal Failure
3) Pregnancy (Damages the fetal renal system during development)
List the contraindications for Beta-Blockers
1) Asthma
2) Diabetes Mellitus
3) Patients on Ca2+ Channel Blockers = AV Heart Block
List the contraindications for Calcium Channel Blockers
1) Patients with Heart Failure (Due to decreasing the force of contraction of the heart)
2) Patients on beta-blockers (Due to increasing the risk of AV Heart Block)
List the contraindications for Thiazide Diuretics
Hypersensitivity to sulfonamides especially to sulfonamide-based thiazide diuretics and anti-bacterial agents
List the side effects of ACE inhibitors
1) First dose hypotension → dizziness and fainting (syncope)
2) Dry unproductive cough
3) Angioedema
4) Hyperkalemia
List the side effects of Sartans
[similar to s/e of ACE inhibitors but less severe]
1) First dose hypotension
2) Angioedema
3) Hyperkalemia
List the side effects of Beta-Blockers
1) Hypotension → Dizziness and syncope
2) Bradycardia (<60 bpm)
3) Atrioventricular Heart Block
4) Fatigue
5) Bronchoconstriction
6) Hypoglycemia
7) Cold extremities
8) Impotence
List the side effects of Calcium Channel Blockers
1) Hypotension → Dizziness
2) Reflex Tachycardia
3) Headache
4) Flushing
5) Constipation
6) Peripheral Edema
List the side effects of Thiazide Diuretics
1) Hypovolemia
2) Hypokalemia
3) Hyperglycemia
4) Hyponatremia
5) Hypochloremia
6) Hyperuricemia
7) Erectile Dysfunction
