Hypertensive disorders Flashcards
uterine ischemia/underperfusion
insufficient blood flow to the uterus
inflammation
excessive maternal inflammatory response to pregnancy
angiogenesis
factors regulating the formation of new blood vessels in the placenta are overproduced –> affect the blood vessel health in the mother leading to hypertension
prostacyclin/thrombaxane imbalance (ASA)
disruption of the balance of hormones that maintain the diameter of the blood vessels
endothelial activation and dysfunction
damage to lining of blood vessels that keep fluid and protein inside
calcium deficiency
helps maintain blood vessels and normal blood pressure
hemodynamic vascular injury
injury to vessels due to excessive blood flow or pressure
immunological activation
Immune system mistakenly responds as if damage has occurred to the blood vessel and in trying to fix the ‘injury’ makes issue worse
preeclampsia
multi-system disorder characterised by hypertension and involvement of one or more organ systems
trigger of preeclampsia
poor placental perfusion due to abnormal placental trophoblastic infiltration of the uterine spiral arteries
secondary pathology (preeclampsia)
reduced blood flow to major organs which causes endothelial damage
pathophysiology (preeclampsia)
decreased blood flow to placenta causes inadequate placental perfusion
RESPONSE = vasoactive substances are released by the hypoperfused placenta, which in turn leads to further widespread endothelial damage and profound vasospasm with a consequent reduction in plasma volume
- Endothelial damage then activates the coagulation cascade and platelets adhere to the sites of endothelial damage
- As a result serious effects present in the mother and fetus
effects preeclampsia
- Abnormal placentation
- CVS and haematological changes
- Coagulation system effects
- Renal involvement
- Liver involvement
- CNS involvement
- Fetoplacental changes
blood pressure
force exerted by the blood on the vessel walls
systolic
pressure exerted on the blood vessel walls following ventricular systole, when the arteries contain the most blood and is the time of maximal pressure
diastolic
pressure exerted on the blood vessel wall during ventricular diastole, when the arteries contain the least amount of blood, resulting in the least pressure being exerted on the blood vessel walls
hormonal and anatomical changes results in…
increase blood volume, increased cardiac output, HR
Bp … first trimester
decreases
rises … from the middle of pregnancy then returns to … levels by term
gradually
pre-pregnant
hypertension in pregnancy
systolic 140mmHg, diastolic 90mmHg
severe hypertension
170
110
risks factors for developing pre-eclampsia
primips
40+
new partner
past history/fam history
multiples
medical conditions
obesity
autoimmune diseases
ART
eclampsia
occurence of seizures in patient with pre-eclampsia
- 1:2000 pregnancies
50 000 women worldwide die
management for eclampsia
pre-conception counselling
risk factors and referral
screening
surveillance
treatment options
own institutional protocols
department of health policies