Hypertensive disorders Flashcards

1
Q

uterine ischemia/underperfusion

A

insufficient blood flow to the uterus

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2
Q

inflammation

A

excessive maternal inflammatory response to pregnancy

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3
Q

angiogenesis

A

factors regulating the formation of new blood vessels in the placenta are overproduced –> affect the blood vessel health in the mother leading to hypertension

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4
Q

prostacyclin/thrombaxane imbalance (ASA)

A

disruption of the balance of hormones that maintain the diameter of the blood vessels

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5
Q

endothelial activation and dysfunction

A

damage to lining of blood vessels that keep fluid and protein inside

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6
Q

calcium deficiency

A

helps maintain blood vessels and normal blood pressure

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7
Q

hemodynamic vascular injury

A

injury to vessels due to excessive blood flow or pressure

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8
Q

immunological activation

A

Immune system mistakenly responds as if damage has occurred to the blood vessel and in trying to fix the ‘injury’ makes issue worse

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9
Q

preeclampsia

A

multi-system disorder characterised by hypertension and involvement of one or more organ systems

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10
Q

trigger of preeclampsia

A

poor placental perfusion due to abnormal placental trophoblastic infiltration of the uterine spiral arteries

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11
Q

secondary pathology (preeclampsia)

A

reduced blood flow to major organs which causes endothelial damage

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12
Q

pathophysiology (preeclampsia)

A

decreased blood flow to placenta causes inadequate placental perfusion
RESPONSE = vasoactive substances are released by the hypoperfused placenta, which in turn leads to further widespread endothelial damage and profound vasospasm with a consequent reduction in plasma volume
- Endothelial damage then activates the coagulation cascade and platelets adhere to the sites of endothelial damage
- As a result serious effects present in the mother and fetus

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13
Q

effects preeclampsia

A
  • Abnormal placentation
  • CVS and haematological changes
  • Coagulation system effects
  • Renal involvement
  • Liver involvement
  • CNS involvement
  • Fetoplacental changes
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14
Q

blood pressure

A

force exerted by the blood on the vessel walls

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15
Q

systolic

A

pressure exerted on the blood vessel walls following ventricular systole, when the arteries contain the most blood and is the time of maximal pressure

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16
Q

diastolic

A

pressure exerted on the blood vessel wall during ventricular diastole, when the arteries contain the least amount of blood, resulting in the least pressure being exerted on the blood vessel walls

17
Q

hormonal and anatomical changes results in…

A

increase blood volume, increased cardiac output, HR

18
Q

Bp … first trimester

19
Q

rises … from the middle of pregnancy then returns to … levels by term

A

gradually
pre-pregnant

20
Q

hypertension in pregnancy

A

systolic 140mmHg, diastolic 90mmHg

21
Q

severe hypertension

22
Q

risks factors for developing pre-eclampsia

A

primips
40+
new partner
past history/fam history
multiples
medical conditions
obesity
autoimmune diseases
ART

23
Q

eclampsia

A

occurence of seizures in patient with pre-eclampsia
- 1:2000 pregnancies
50 000 women worldwide die

24
Q

management for eclampsia

A

pre-conception counselling
risk factors and referral
screening
surveillance
treatment options
own institutional protocols
department of health policies

25
hospital management
FMAU admission low dose aspirin (100mg) cease 36 weeks
26
fetal management eclampsia
early transfer to tertiary USS umbilical artery doppler velocimetry, amniotic fluid volume estimation cardiotocography (CTG) IMI steroids if <34 weeks
27
medication acute
severe hypertension e.g 170/110mmHg due to risk of intracerebral haemorrhage and eclampsia
28
acute medications EXAMPLES
if conscious, commence oral antihypertensive therapy: e.g. Oral Nifedipine 10-20mg, onset of action 30-45 minutes. I.V bolus of Hydralazine: 5mg loading dose and repeat at 20 minute intervals, maximum of 3 doses. Onset 10-20 mins. MgSO4 infusion: loading dose of 4g over 15-30 mins with maintenance infusion of 1g/hr for at least 24 hours
29
medications chronic
In cases of mild hypertension for B.P maintenance i.e. if B.P reaches 140-160/90-100mmHg on more than one occasion. For ongoing treatment, initial drugs of choice: labetalol, oxprenolol, methyldopa, hydralazine, nifedipine, clonidine, prazosin. Treatment aims at maintaining the diastolic ≤90mmHg
30
haematological disturbances
* The term HELLP (haemolysis, elevated liver enzymes and low platelets) is a manifestation of severe pre-eclampsia and occurs in 0.6% of all pregnancies * HELLP is involved in over half of the maternal mortality cases of eclampsia. * HELLP is often accompanied by S/S of heartburn, vomiting, headache and epigastric pain.
31
Disseminated intravascular coagulation
* platelet consumption and clotting, that occurs in the placental bed and more widely throughout the circulation, coupled with the anticoagulant effect of fibrin degradation products. This creates a bleeding tendency and organ failure. * Treat the underlying cause, and practice caution with I.V fluid replacement as overload and pulmonary oedema common. Platelet transfusions, FFP and/or cryoprecipitate may all be used in treatment.
32
Investigation of new onset hypertension in pregnancy
* Urine dipstick testing for proteinuria, with quantitation by laboratory methods if >’1+’ (30mg/dL) * Full blood count * Urea, creatinine, electrolytes * Liver function tests * Ultrasound assessment of fetal growth, amniotic fluid volume and umbilical artery Doppler flow
33
methyldopa (dose, action, contraindication, practice points)
dose - 250-750mg TDS central action depression contraindication Slow onset of action over 24 hr. Dry mouth, sedation, blurred vision Withdrawal effect with clonidine
34
labetalol (dose, action, contraindication, practice points)
100-400mg tds B blocker with mild alpha vasodilator effect B blocker with ISA Asthma, chronic airways limitation Heart block Bradycardia, bronchospasm, headache, nausea, scalp tingling which usually resolves within 24-48 hours (labetalol only)
35
nifedipine (dose, action, contraindication, practice points)
20mg bd - 60mg SR bd Ca channel antagonist Aortic stensosis Severe headache associated with flushing, tachycardia Peripheral edema, consipation
36
prazosin (dose, action, contraindication, practice points)
0.5-5mg TDS A blocker flushing, headache, nausea, lupus-like syndrome
37
hydralazine (dose, action, contraindication, practice points)
25-50mg TDS IV vasodilator increase cardiac output Flushing, headache, nausea, lupus-like syndrome
38
magnesium sulphate
decreases CNS irritability and blocks neuromuscular conduction by blocking the release of acetylcholine at neuromuscular junctions → therapeutic administration initial loading dose of 4-6g by IV in 100mL of fluid over 15-20 minutes