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Cardio pathology > Hypertension > Flashcards

Hypertension Flashcards

1
Q

High+blood+pressure is anything

A

above+140/90+

mm/Hg

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2
Q

classification,of,hypertension.

A

Primary(Essential)Hypertension

Secondary hypertension

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3
Q

Primary(Essential)Hypertension

A

Unknown causes

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4
Q

Secondary hypertension

A

has an underlying cause (could be due to specific drugs or another disease)

caused&by&other&conditions&
that&affect&the&kidneys,&arteries,&heart&or&
endocrine&system

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5
Q

Secondary HTN is ——common than primary HTN.

A

less

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6
Q

To diagnose HTN, best time to measure blood pressure is———— successively for——- days

A

early in the morning

3

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7
Q

The WHO/ISH blood pressure classification includes 3 grades of hypertension

A

Grade1,2,3

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8
Q

Grade 1

Systolic:

Diastolic:

A

140-159

90-99

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9
Q

Grade 2

Systolic:

Diastolic:

A

160-179

100-109

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10
Q

Grade 3

Systolic:

Diastolic:

A

> 180

> 110

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11
Q

Risk Factors of high hypertension

A
  • Age
  • weight
  • Tobacco
  • too much salt(sodium)
  • too little potassium
  • Excercise
  • family history
  • race
  • too little vit D
  • stress
  • alcohol
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12
Q

Primary Hypertension onset typically in ?

A

The fifth or sixth decades of life

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13
Q

If hypertension in both parent,’risk of

hypertension in off spring is increased by

A

250%

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14
Q

Patho physiology Theories of HTN

A

increased
peripheral vascular resistance or
systemic vascular resistance.

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15
Q

• Almost—— genes’have’been’identified’to’be’

related’to’hypertension

A

10

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16
Q

mutations’affect’blood’pressure’by’

altering’——— ,Leading’to’———

A

renal’salt’handling (specifically RAAS)

decreased’salt’excretion(salt’retention)’by’the’kidney

17
Q

The autonomic nervous system plays a central

role in maintaining the cardiovascular homeostasis via

A

pressure,
volume and
chemoreceptor signals.

18
Q

Sympathetic nervous system overactivity,

A

increases blood pressure and contributes to
the development and maintenance of
hypertension.
Sympathetic = vasoconstriction

19
Q

Autonomic imbalance

A

increased sympathetic tone accompanied by reduced paraympathetic tone

Sympathetic = vasoconstriction
Parasympathetic = vasodilation
20
Q

Endothelial dysfunction

A

Imbalance between Nitric Oxide and endothelin

21
Q

——- and ——-are secreted by
the endothelium, are the major regulators of
vascular tone and blood pressure.

A

Nitric oxide and endothelin

  • Nitric Oxide = vasodilator
  • Endothelin = vasoconstrictor
22
Q

In patients with essential hypertension, the
balance between the vasodilators and the
vasoconstrictors is upset, which leads to

A

changes in the endothelium and sets up a
“vicious cycle” that contributes to the
maintenance of high blood pressure

High endothelin and low Nitric Oxide—> High peripheral vascular resistance

23
Q

In patients with hypertension,endothelial activation happens by

A

endothelial activation and damage

24
Q

endothelial activation and damage lead to

A

changes in
vascular tone,
vascular reactivity, and
coagulation and fibrinolytic pathways

beginning of atherosclerosis.

25
Q

Secondary hypertension

A
  • Renal / renovascular disease
  • Endocrine disease
  • Coarctation of the aorta
  • iatrogenic
26
Q

Renal/renovascular disease

A

atherosclerosis,

Fibromuscluar dysplasia

27
Q

Endocrine disease

A 
Pheochromocytoma
Cushing syndrome
Conn s syndrome
Acromegaly 
Hypothyroidism
28
Q

Coarctation of the aorta

A

Genetic condition that causes narrowing of the aorta

29
Q

Iatrogenic

A
  • Hormonal/oral contraceptive

* NSAIDs

30
Q

Renal artery stenosis can be treated by

A
  • removing and replacing this segment

- putting a balloon to dilate the artery

31
Q

Normal thickness of the ventricle walls:
LV thickness =
RV thickness =

A
  1. 2 - 1.5cm

0. 5cm

32
Q

Consequences of heart disease in hypertension

A
  • Conduction,system,diseases,,
  • Angina,or,Myocardial,infarction
  • Cardiac,arrhythmias,(AF),
  • Congestive,Heart,Failure

Cardio pathology (2 decks)

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