Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

D&T3 Cardiology > Hypertension > Flashcards

Hypertension Flashcards

1
Q

What does the first Korotkoff sound indicate?

A

Systolic Blood Pressure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is indicated by the end of Korotkoff sounds?

A

Diastolic Blood Pressure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Hypertension is more common in men until which age group?

A

HTN is more common in women after 55-64

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

The percentage of the population with HTN corresponds directly to which condition?

A

CVD

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are some (8) risk factors for Atherosclerosis?

A
  1. High LDL
  2. Low HDL
  3. Sex Hormones
  4. HTN
  5. Renal Failure
  6. Diabetes
  7. Smoking
  8. Sedentary Life Style
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is the leading cause of death in the US?

A

CVD (+ Stroke)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

People with HTN are more likely to develop which 3 conditions (and risk)?

A
  1. Coronary Artery Disease (x3)
  2. Congestive Heart Failure (x6)
  3. Stroke (x7)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is the tightest disease link with elevated BP?

A

Stroke

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is considered “normal” BP by JNC 7 and what are the recommendations for lifestyle modifications and drugs?

A

120/80

  • Encourage LSM
  • No Drugs
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is considered “Pre-HTN” by JNC 7 and what are the recommendations for lifestyle modifications and drugs?

A

120-139/80-89

  • Yes LSM
  • No Drugs
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is considered “Stage 1 HTN” by JNC 7 and what are the recommendations for lifestyle modifications and drugs?

A

140-159/90-99

  • Yes LSM
  • Mono or Combo Therapy
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is considered “Stage 2 HTN” by JNC 7 and what are the recommendations for lifestyle modifications and drugs?

A

160+/100+

  • Yes LSM
  • Combo Drug Therapy
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is Kaplan’s definition of HTN?

A

“HTN is that level of blood pressure at which the benefits of therapy outweigh the risks”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Lowing BP decreases the risk of which three conditions?

A
  1. Stroke**
  2. MI
  3. CHF
    * *Lowering BP prevents Strokes better than it prevents MI
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are compelling indications for HTN?

A
  1. Heart Failure
  2. Diabetes with Proteinuria
  3. CAD (prior MI increases risk)
  4. Chronic Renal Insufficiency
  5. CVA
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What formula allows estimation of BP?

A

MAP - CVP = CO x TPR

**You can ignore CVP since it is so low

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

How would an increase in BP effect CO and TPR?

A

Either CO or TPR (or both) would increase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

How are cardiovascular reflexes elicited?

A

Through signals from baroreceptors (Carotid Sinus and Aortic Arch) and Chemoreceptors (Peripheral, Aortic and Carotid Body) that trigger responses (sympathetic, parasympathetic or hormonal)

19
Q

Blood Pressure can be thought of as caused by which organ system?

A

The kidney and sodium excretion

20
Q

What is the priority in responding to hemorrhage, and what hormones are involved?

A

Goal- Maintain MAP

Hormones- RAAS, Sympathetics and Endothelin

21
Q

What is the priority in responding to salt excess, and what hormones are involved?

A

Goal- Excrete Salt

Hormones- ANP, Cardiotonic Steroids, NO

22
Q

What is the key feature of Guyton’s Concept of Hypertension?

A

A renal set point for sodium homeostasis

23
Q

Guyton’s model of HTN showed what? What is the consequence?

A

That increases in TPR or CO –> Increased BP, but only transiently before returning to normal.
**This means an altered renal “set point” is necessary to maintain HTN

24
Q

What is used to diagnose renovascular hypertension? What is an alternative?

A
  1. Arteriogram

2. Captopril Renogram may be used as a screening test

25
Q

What is the consequence of decreased perfusion to one kidney?

A

The effected kidney will secrete Renin –> AII –> Aldo –> causes the normal kidney to decrease Na excretion –> HTN

26
Q

What is indicated by non-stimulatable Renin levels and non-supressable Aldosterone levels with low serum Potassium?

A

Hyperaldosteronism

27
Q

What is a Pheochromocytoma?

A

A tumor causing autonomous production of NE and E (vasoconstrictors) leading to an increase in TPR and elevated serum catecholamines

28
Q

How does chronic renal failure result in HTN?

A

Impaired natriuresis –> volume expansion –> increased CO and increased PR –> Increased BP

29
Q

What are causes of essential HTN?

A
  1. Genetics
  2. Dietary Na
  3. Alcohol
  4. Stress
  5. Sedentary Lifestyle
  6. Smoking
  7. Dietary K and Ca
30
Q

What are causes of secondary HTN?

A
  1. Chronic Renal Failure
  2. Renovascular
  3. Aldosteronism
  4. Pheochromocytoma
  5. Sleep Apnea
  6. Hypothyroidism
  7. Coarction of the Aorta
31
Q

What is Malignant HTN?

A

A medical emergency where there is evidence for acute vascular injury (usually seen through the retinal exam)
**BP may not be that “high”

32
Q

Who should be evaluated for secondary HTN?

A
  1. HTN presenting early -30
  2. HTN without a family history
  3. Severe or difficult to control HTN
33
Q

What is the gold standard evaluation method for renovascular HTN?

A

Arteriogram

34
Q

What are the 3 types of Hyperaldosteronism?

A
  1. Adrenal Tumor (Conn’s)
  2. Adrenal Hyperplasia
  3. Pseudohyperaldosteronism (Licorice/tobacco/Liddle’s Syndrome)
35
Q

Hypokalemia in the face of an ACE inhibitor is a red flag for what condition?

A

Hyperaldosteronism

36
Q

How does one stimulate Renin and suppress Aldosterone in the diagnosis of Hyperaldosteronism?

A
  1. Stimulate Renin with DIURETIC

2. Suppress Aldo with VOLUME EXPANSION

37
Q

What are the Grades for Fundoscpoic Changes?

A

I- Arterial narrowing
II- AV Nicking
III- Hemorrhage/Exudate
IV- Papilledema

38
Q

What are risk factors for Atherosclerosis?

A
  1. Smoking
  2. Dyslipidemia (High LDL or Low HDL)
  3. Age > 60
  4. Male or postmenopausal female
  5. Family History
39
Q

What is the drug recommendation for uncomplicated HTN?

A

Diuretics and Beta Blockers

40
Q

What is the drug recommendation for diabetes and HTN?

A

ACE Inhibitors or ARB

41
Q

What is the drug recommendation for MI?

A

Beta Blocker

42
Q

What is the drug recommendation for Systolic Heart Failure?

A

ACE Inhibitors or ARB

43
Q

In JNC 8, why are Beta Blockers no longer first line for HTN?

A

Less stroke protection

D&T3 Cardiology (7 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions