Hypertension Flashcards

1
Q

There is a direct relationship between ______ and _______ disease

A

hypertension, cardiovascular

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2
Q

____ _______ is the force exerted by the blood against the walls of the blood vessels

A

Blood pressure

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3
Q

Hypertension affects __% of the adults in the US

A

33

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4
Q

Hypertension’s nickname is the ____ _____

A

silent killer

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5
Q

Stage 1 Hypertension ranges from systolic pressures ______ or diastolic pressures _______

A

140-159, 90-99

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6
Q

Prehypertension ranges from systolic pressures ____ or diastolic pressures ____

A

120-139, 80-89

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7
Q

When only the systolic pressure is elevated, it is known as ______ _______ _______

A

isolated systolic hypertension

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8
Q

Stage 2 Hypertension ranges from systolic pressures ______ or diastolic pressures _______

A

160 or higher, 100 or higher

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9
Q

List the four processes that regulate blood pressure

A

Arterial baroreceptors, body-fluid volume, Renin-Angiotensin system, vascular autoregulation

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10
Q

The _____ _______ produces vasoactive substances to maintain low arterial tone

A

vascular endothelium

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11
Q

The renal system controls ____ excretion and ___ volume

A

sodium, ECF

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12
Q

This kind of hypertension is responsible for 90%-95% of all cases. It has no known underlying cause.

A

Primary hypertension (idiopathic hypertension or essential hypertension)

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13
Q

This kind of hypertension is responsible for 5%-10% of all cases. It has an underlying cause.

A

Secondary hypertension

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14
Q

Two causes of primary hypertension, though not known why they happen, are increased _____ _______ ______ and increased _____ ______

A

peripheral vascular resistance, blood volume

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15
Q

List some risk factors for primary hypertension

A

Age, alcohol, tobacco, diabetes mellitus, elevated serum lipids, excess dietary sodium, gender, family history, stress, obesity, ethnicity, sedentary lifestyle, socioeconomic status

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16
Q

Having a systolic blood pressure (SBP) greater than 140 after age 50 is a predictor of ________ risk

A

cardiovascular

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17
Q

Older adults are more likely to have ____ ______ hypertension, _____ hypertension, and ______ HYPOtension

A

“white coat”, orthostatic, postprandial

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18
Q

What type of hypertension is most common in adults over 50 years of age?

A

Isolated systolic hypertension

19
Q

Alcohol should be limited to how many drinks per day?

A

one for women, two for men

20
Q

Later symptoms of hypertension include:

A

Fatigue, dizziness, dyspnea, angina, palpitations

21
Q

For diagnostic testing, blood pressure should be taken in ___ arms, and know blood pressure is highest in early ____ and lowest at _____

A

both, morning, night

22
Q

For ____ ____ ______ _____, there should be two readings on each occasion, two minutes apart, and at least two separate occasions

A

ambulatory blood pressure monitoring

23
Q

Patient should be seated quietly for ___ minutes before having blood pressure taken

A

five

24
Q

Losing 22lbs may decrease systolic blood pressure by __ to ___ mmHg

A

5, 20

25
Q

For those with hypertension, ____ modification is key.

A

lifestyle

26
Q

With sodium reduction, the patient should consume no more than ___ grams of sodium per day

A

2.4

27
Q

What diet promotes eating more fruits and vegetables and less red meats in those with hypertension?

A

DASH

28
Q

In addition to lifestyle changes, what might the physician prescribe to the patient to treat Stage 1 hypertension?

A

One drug, usually a diuretic.

29
Q

With Stage 2 hypertension, what two kinds of drugs are normally prescribed?

A

A diuretic and ACE inhibitor

30
Q

What are the three determinants of blood pressure?

A

PVR, cardiac output, and volume of blood

31
Q

With diuretics, we want to make sure potassium levels are normal. What is the normal range of blood potassium?

A

3.5-5.0

32
Q

Adrenergic inhibiting agents decrease the _____ nervous system’s effects in the body. There are ___ acting and _____ acting drugs.

A

sympathetic, central, peripheral

33
Q

Three side effects of adrenergic inhibiting agents are?

A

dry mouth, erectile dysfunction, orthostatic hypotension

34
Q

What is used mostly only for hypertensive crises? How are they administered?

A

direct vasodialators, IV only

35
Q

Name and describe the two angiotensin inhibitors

A
  1. Angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors prevent conversion of AI to A2. NSAIDs reduce effect of drug.
  2. Angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs) prevent AII from binding to its receptors to vessel walls, but takes 3-6 weeks for full effect.
36
Q

With calcium channel blockers, you want to avoid what type of juice? You also do not want to prescribe them to patients with what ailment?

A

grapefruit, heart failure

37
Q

True or False: If a patient misses a dose of diuretic, he/she should double up the next time a dose is due.

A

False

38
Q

Over the counter meds should be avoided while taking hypertension. Some examples are what?

A

Antacids, Ginseng, Ephedra (now off market), NSAIDs

39
Q

What is the difference between a hypertensive emergency and a hypertensive urgency?

A

An emergency occurs over hours to days. The time frame is more important than the pressure in this case. Typical pressure for an emergency is > 220/140 with a target organ disease.

An urgency occurs over days to weeks. Pressure is around >180/110 with no clinical evidence of target organ disease.

40
Q

A __________ _____ is often related to amphetamine or cocaine use, or those who have not complied with hypertension treatment before. Clinical manifestations are headache, rise in blood pressure, nausea, vomiting, seizures, confusion, and coma (encephalopathy)

A

hypertensive crisis

41
Q

Manifestations of target organ disease on hypertensive crises are what?

A

Cardiac–ECG shows evidence of heart failure

Cerebrovascular–stroke

Peripheral vascular–one or more major pulses (excluding dorsalis pedis) reduced or absent, bruits, aneurysm

Renal–serum creatinine > or = 1.5 mg/dL

Retinopathy–narrowing of retinal arterioles or hemmorhages

42
Q

True or false: During a hypertensive crisis, you want to gradually reduce the blood pressure

A

True. Reducing too quickly may result in decreased organ perfusion

43
Q

You don’t want to decrease the MAP by more than ___% within minutes to hours during a hypertensive crisis

A

25