Hypertension Flashcards
What happens to diastolic blood pressure with age until ~55 years?
It increases progressively.
What typically happens to diastolic blood pressure after age 55?
It tends to decrease.
What is the consequence of the changes in diastolic blood pressure beyond age 60?
Widening of pulse pressure.
What is pulse pressure?
The difference between systolic and diastolic blood pressure.
True or False: Diastolic blood pressure decreases continuously with age.
False.
At what age does diastolic blood pressure begin to decrease?
After ~55 years.
What are the two determinants of arterial pressure?
Cardiac output and peripheral resistance
What determines cardiac output?
Stroke volume and heart rate
What is stroke volume related to?
Myocardial contractility and the size of the vascular compartment
What determines peripheral resistance?
Functional and anatomic changes in small arteries and arterioles
What is the lumen diameter range for small arteries and arterioles?
100–400 μm
What is the most common etiology of secondary hypertension?
Primary renal disease
What are the mechanisms of kidney-related hypertension?
- Diminished capacity to excrete sodium
- Excessive renin secretion in relation to volume status
- Sympathetic nervous system overactivity
What ion is predominantly an extracellular ion and a primary determinant of extracellular fluid volume?
Sodium
What happens when NaCl intake exceeds the capacity of the kidney to excrete sodium?
- Vascular volume may initially expand
- Cardiac output may increase
Fill in the blank: _______ is a primary determinant of the extracellular fluid volume.
Sodium
True or False: Excessive renin secretion is unrelated to volume status in kidney-related hypertension.
False
What role does sodium play in the body regarding hypertension?
It is a primary determinant of the extracellular fluid volume
