Hypertension Flashcards
Exam 1 Med-Surg Review Questions
What is blood pressure?
The amount of force blood exerts on the vein or artery in which it is traveling.
What are the blood pressure categories for healthy individuals?
- Systolic: Less than 120 mmHg
- Diastolic: Less than 80 mmHg
What defines Stage 1 hypertension?
- Systolic: 130-139 mmHg
- Diastolic: 80-89 mmHg
What is the definition of hypertension?
A persistent systolic blood pressure (SBP) of 140 mmHg or greater and a diastolic blood pressure (DBP) of 90 mmHg or greater.
What percentage of hypertension cases are classified as primary hypertension?
90%
What are common causes of secondary hypertension?
- Pheochromocytoma
- Renal pathology
Where are blood pressure receptors primarily located?
- Carotid sinuses
- Aortic arch
What is the function of blood pressure receptors?
They act as pressure sensors, monitoring blood pressure levels and sending information to the central nervous system.
What happens when blood pressure increases?
Vessel walls stretch more, causing baroreceptors to fire more action potentials, signaling the brain to initiate responses like slowing the heart rate and vasodilation.
What are some diseases attributable to hypertension?
- Gangrene of the lower extremities
- Heart failure
- Left ventricular hypertrophy
- Myocardial infarction
- Coronary heart disease
- Aortic aneurysm
- Blindness
- Chronic kidney failure
- Stroke
- Preeclampsia/Eclampsia
- Cerebral hemorrhage
- Hypertensive encephalopathy
What are target organ damages associated with hypertension?
- Heart: Left ventricular hypertrophy, Angina, Heart failure
- Brain: Stroke, Transient ischemic attack
- Kidneys: Chronic kidney disease
- Peripheral arterial disease
- Retinopathy
What are the requirements for measuring blood pressure?
- Patient seated quietly for at least 5 minutes
- Appropriate-sized cuff
- At least 2 measurements
What is a common clinical manifestation of hypertension?
No specific complaints other than elevated systolic and/or diastolic BP.
What laboratory tests are routinely performed for hypertension?
- Electrocardiogram
- Urinalysis
- Blood glucose
- Serum potassium
- Creatinine
- Lipid profile after fasting
What are examples of drug therapy for hypertension?
- Diuretics
- Beta blockers
- Calcium channel blockers
- ACE inhibitors
- Angiotensin II receptor blockers
What are the side effects of beta blockers?
- Lethargy
- Impotency
- Bradycardia
What lifestyle modifications can help manage hypertension?
- Weight control
- Tobacco cessation
- Decrease alcohol and caffeine intake
- Promote lifestyle changes
- Reduce stress
- Sodium restricted diet
- DASH diet
Fill in the blank: The first line antihypertensive in diabetic patients is _______.
Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors.
True or False: Hypertension management is helpful in the prevention of deep venous thrombosis.
False.
What is the goal of therapy for hypertension?
- Lifestyle modification
- Pharmacologic treatment
- Follow up and monitoring
