Hypertension Flashcards
What is hypertension?
Hypertension is persistently elevated blood pressure, defined as systolic BP ≥ 140 mmHg and/or diastolic BP ≥ 90 mmHg in clinic measurements.
What are the classifications of hypertension?
It is classified as primary (essential) or secondary, with primary hypertension being more common.
What is the difference between primary and secondary hypertension?
Primary hypertension has no identifiable cause, while secondary hypertension is due to an underlying condition, such as renal disease or endocrine disorders.
What are the common symptoms of hypertension?
Hypertension is often asymptomatic but can cause headaches, dizziness, visual disturbances, or symptoms related to complications.
What is the aetiology of primary hypertension?
It is multifactorial, involving genetic predisposition, lifestyle factors, and environmental influences.
What are the common causes of secondary hypertension?
Causes include renal artery stenosis, chronic kidney disease, endocrine disorders (e.g., Cushing’s syndrome, hyperaldosteronism), and medications like NSAIDs.
What is the pathophysiology of hypertension?
It involves increased systemic vascular resistance and/or cardiac output, often due to factors like endothelial dysfunction, overactivation of the RAAS, or sympathetic nervous system hyperactivity.
What are the risk factors for hypertension?
Age, obesity, high salt intake, sedentary lifestyle, excessive alcohol consumption, smoking, and a family history of hypertension.
What is the prevalence of hypertension in the UK?
It affects around one-third of adults in the UK, with prevalence increasing with age.
How is blood pressure measured in diagnosing hypertension?
Blood pressure is measured in both arms, and ambulatory or home BP monitoring is recommended to confirm the diagnosis.
What is the role of ambulatory blood pressure monitoring (ABPM) in hypertension?
ABPM provides multiple BP readings over 24 hours, helping to confirm hypertension and detect white coat or masked hypertension.
What investigations are performed in a patient with newly diagnosed hypertension?
Blood tests (e.g., U&Es, lipid profile, glucose), urinalysis, ECG, and fundoscopic examination to assess for target organ damage.
What are the clinical signs of target organ damage in hypertension?
Signs include left ventricular hypertrophy (ECG), retinopathy (fundoscopy), proteinuria (urinalysis), and chronic kidney disease.
What are the differential diagnoses for hypertension?
White coat hypertension, masked hypertension, and secondary causes like pheochromocytoma or renal artery stenosis.
What are the complications of untreated hypertension?
Complications include stroke, myocardial infarction, heart failure, chronic kidney disease, and hypertensive retinopathy.