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Medical conditions > hypertension > Flashcards

hypertension Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

blood vessel types (5)

A

artery, arteriole, capillary, venule, vein

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2
Q

artery characteristics

A

muscular and elastic

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3
Q

arteriole characteristics

A

muscular

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4
Q

capillary characteristics

A

small diameter, thin-walled

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5
Q

venule characteristics

A

slightly muscular

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6
Q

vessel wall layers (5)

A

lumen, tunica intima, tunica media, tunica externa, external elastic lamina, tunic adventitia

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7
Q

heart rate

A

number of times the heart beats per minute

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8
Q

normal heart rate

A

60-85 bpm

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9
Q

stroke volume

A

volume of blood ejected from the heart in one beat

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10
Q

normal stroke volume

A

70 ml

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11
Q

cardiac output

A

volume of blood ejected form the heart per minute

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12
Q

cardiac output calculation

A

heart rate x stroke volume

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13
Q

normal cardiac output

A

5 litres

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14
Q

peripheral resistance

A

resistance that must be overcome for blood to flow in the circulatory system

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15
Q

what contributes to peripheral resistance?

A

arterioles (smooth muscle tone), capillaries and venules

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16
Q

mean arterial blood pressure

A

average pressure exerted by the blood onto the walls of major arteries

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17
Q

mean arterial blood pressure calculation

A

cardiac output x total peripheral resistance

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18
Q

normal mean arterial blood pressure

A

<107 mmHg

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19
Q

factors affecting MABP

A

stroke volume, ventricular contractile force, artery elasticity, peripheral resistance

20
Q

systolic blood pressure

A

peak arterial pressure during heart contraction

21
Q

diastolic blood pressure

A

minimal arterial pressure during heart relaxation

22
Q

hypertension

A

consistently high blood pressure causing damage to endothelial cells and later haemorrhages

23
Q

hypertension BP

A

> 140/90 mmHg

24
Q

hypotension

A

consistently low blood pressure

25
Q

hypotension BP

A

<90/60 mmHg

26
Q

hypotension causes

A

dehydration, heart failure, MI, arrhythmia, shock

27
Q

diurnal fluctuations

A

changes in BP during the day

28
Q

atrial natriuretic peptide

A

released by atrial myocytes to decrease ADH secretion

29
Q

antidiuretic hormone

A

released by pituitary gland cells causing decreased sodium and water excretion and therefore vasoconstriction and increased BP

30
Q

adrenaline

A

released by chromaffin cells in the adrenal medulla causing increased heart rate and ventricular contractile force and therefore increased cardiac output

31
Q

renin

A

released by juxtaglomerular cells and cleaves angiotensinogen to form angiotensin I

32
Q

angiotensin converts enzyme

A

cleaves inactive angiotensin I to form angiotensin II

33
Q

angiotensin II

A

acts as potent vasoconstrictor by acting on AT receptors to stimulate ADH and aldosterone secretion

34
Q

aldosterone

A

released by the adrenal cortex causing increased sodium and water reabsorption

35
Q

primary aldosteronism (Conn’s syndrome)

A

high aldosterone caused by tumours or adrenal gland hyperplasia leading to polydipsia, polyuria and persistent hypokalaemia

36
Q

primary hypertension

A

95% of cases, no clear cause

37
Q

secondary hypertension

A

5% of cases, caused by other underlying condition

38
Q

elevated BP

A

<130/80 mmHg

39
Q

stage I hypertension

A

<140/90 mmHg

40
Q

stage II hypertension

A

> 140/90 mmHg

41
Q

stage III or crisis hypertension

A

> 180/120 mmHg

42
Q

modifiable risk factors

A

exercise, weight, smoking, alcohol, diet/diabetes, stress, sleep

43
Q

non-modifiable risk factors

A

renovascular disease, endocrine disorders, neurological disorders, aortic diseases, pregnancy conditions, substances, sleep apnea

44
Q

secondary hypertension causes

A

renovascular disease, endocrine disorders, Cushing’s disease, aortic diseases, pregnancy, sympathomimetics, steroids, NSAIDs, alcohol

45
Q
A

Medical conditions (4 decks)

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