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Pharm - Unit 4 > Hypertension > Flashcards

Hypertension Flashcards

1
Q

Which loop diuretic is used in management of HTN?

What transporter does it block?
It blocks absorption of which ions?

A

Furosemide

Competitively inhibit Na/K/Cl cotransporter @ TAL –> inhibit Na, Ca reabsorption –> inhibit H20 reabsorption

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2
Q

What type of diuretic is Furosemide?

It is used to treat what type of HTN in what 3 settings?

Describe Furosemide in terms of potency and onset of action, relative to other types of diuretics.

A

Loop Diuretic

Severe HTN in setting of CHF, cirrhosis, or renal insufficiency

Most potent, Fast acting

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3
Q

Name the 4 medium potency, Thiazide diuretics that are used in the treatment of mild to moderate HTN?
(Hint: H-C-I-M)

What is their mechanism?

A
  1. Hydrochlorothiazide
  2. Chlorthalidone
  3. Indapamide
  4. Metolazone

Thiazide Diuretics inhibit the Na/Cl cotransporter @ the early DT luminal membrane

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4
Q

Name the 3 low potency, Potassium-sparing diuretics that are combined with loop/thiazide diuretics to prevent diuresis-induced hypokalemia.

What is their general mechanism?

A
  1. Spironolactone
  2. Triamterene
  3. Amiloride

Inhibit Na reabsorption in the distal tubule

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5
Q

What are some side effects of loop & thiazide diuretics?

Electrolyte abnormalities?
Glucose/Lipids?
Other?

A

Hypokalemia, Hypomagnesemia

Impaired glucose tolerance, Increased lipids

ED, Volume depletion (if sick)

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6
Q

What are some side effects of the potassium-sparing diuretics?

Hormonal? (4)
Electrolyte? (1)

A

Gynecomastia (Spironolactone)

Menstrual irregularities, Menorrhagia

Nipple tenderness

Hyperkalemia

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7
Q

There are 6 examples of ACE Inhibitors (they all end in -pril) that are used in treatment of HTN.

The 1 short-acting ACE-I is…

The 4 long-acting ACE-I are…
(B-L-Q-R)

The ACE-I that is converted to an active metabolite…

A

Short acting
–Captopril

Long acting

  • -Benazepril
  • -Lisinopril
  • -Quinapril
  • -Ramipril

Converted to active metabolite
Enalapril

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8
Q

What is the mechanism of action of the ACE-Is?

A

inhibit ACE –> prevent formation of Ang2 + inhibit breakdown of bradykinin –> vasodilation

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9
Q

Besides lowering BP, ACE-I and ARBs have can be beneficial in the following conditons:

  1. chronic kidney disease & proteinuria
  2. CHF
  3. ?
  4. ?
A
  1. chronic kidney disease and proteinuria
  2. CHF
  3. LV remodeling post-MI
  4. Reducing risk of diabetes
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10
Q

Name the 3 Angiotensin Receptor Blockers (ARBs) used in treatment of HTN. (they end in -sartan)

What is their mechanism of action?

A
  1. Losartan
  2. Valsartan
  3. Irbesartan

Competitive inhibition of Ang2 Receptors @ vascular endothelium –> vasodilation

((Ang2 = potent vasoconstrictor))

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11
Q

What are the 4 common side effects of ACE-Is and ARBs? (one of them is not present in ARBs…)

What are 4 contraindications for ACE-I/ARB use?

A

Side Effects

  1. cough (ACE-Is only)
  2. Hypotension
  3. Decreased renal function
  4. Angioedema

Contraindications

  1. Renal artery stenosis
  2. Hyperkalemia
  3. Pregnancy
  4. Cautious use in renal failure
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12
Q

For calcium channel blockers…

Which two are Dihydropyridines?

Which two are Non-Dihydropyridines?

What is their common mechanism?

A

Dihydropyridines

  1. Amlodipine
  2. Nifedipine

Non-Dihydropyridines

  1. Verapamil
  2. Diltiazem

Mechanism
block Ca entry –> inhibit vasc sm muscle contraction –> reduced systemic vasc resistance

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13
Q

What 3 therapeutic effects do all Calcium Channel Blockers share?

What extra therapeutic use is associated with Non-Dihydropyridines?

A

All Ca Chnl Blockers:

  1. lower BP
  2. anti-angina
  3. Raynaud’s syndrome

Non-Dihydropyridines
1. decrease HR –> lower myocardial O2 demand

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14
Q

All Calcium Channel Blockers share what three side effects?

Dihydropyridines have what unique side effect?

Non-Dihydropyridines?

A

Common Side Effects
–constipation, leg edema, AV nodal block

Dihydropyridines
–reflex tachycardia

Non-Dihydropyridines
–bradycardia & heart failure

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15
Q

There are 8 Beta Blockers used in the treatment of HTN.

The non-selective Beta Blocker that is rarely used?

What are the 7 Beta1 selective BBs?
(Hint: ABC - E - LMN)

A

Non-selective: Propranolol

Beta1 Selective

  1. Atenolol
  2. Bisoprolol
  3. Carvedilol
  4. Esmolol
  5. Labetolol
  6. Metoprolol
  7. Nadolol
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16
Q

How do Beta-1 Receptor blockers affect the following:

contractility
renin
NE
sympathetic tone

A

Block B1 Rs –>

  1. lower contractility –> reduce CO
  2. inhibit renin release
  3. reduce NE release from neurons
  4. lessen sympathetic tone
17
Q

There are 4 BBs that are used for treatment of plain old HTN, CHF, and CAD.

Name them. Which two are long-acting?

A
  1. Atenolol
  2. Metoprolol

Long acting

  1. Bisoprolol
  2. Nadolol
18
Q

There are two really potent BBs…

  • -Which one is used for BP control in a hypertensive emergency?
  • -Which one can be used for BP control in Acute Coronary Syndrome or CHF?

What BB is unique because it is given by IV and is used for AV nodal blocking?

A

Hypertensive Emergency
–Labetolol

Acute Coronary Syndrome/CHF
–Carvedilol

AV nodal blocking
–Esmolol

19
Q

7 Side Effects of BBs are listed below. Of these side effects, which 3 are the moderately selective BBs less likely to cause?

  1. decreased exercise capacity
  2. bronchospasm
  3. bradycardia
  4. CHF
  5. masking of diabetes
  6. crossing BBB to cause depression
  7. worsened symptoms of peripheral vascular diease
A

Moderately selective BBs (ie, all BBs not named Propranolol) are less likely to cause…

bronchospasm
masking of diabetes
depression

20
Q

What are the alpha1 antagonists that are useful in treatment of BPH, and 2nd tier for treating HTN?

Side effects of these drugs include orthostatic hypotension, fluid retention, and worsening angina…which is secondary to what process?

A

Terazosin, Doxazosin

Side Effects

  1. orthostatic hypotension
  2. fluid retention
  3. worsening angina, due to reflex tachycardia
21
Q

There are 2 vasodilators that act by relaxing sm mm at peripheral arterioles.

Which one is used for hypertensive emergencies, and patients with chronic/advanced CHF & HTN?

Which one is used in refractory HTN and hair loss?

A

Hydralazine

  • -hypertensive emergency
  • -patients with advanced CHF/HTN

Minoxidil

  • -refractory HTN
  • -hair loss
22
Q

There are 3 centrally-acting sympathoplegics which act on alpha2 Rs to reduce sympathetic outflow.

Which drug is the only one used?

Which drug is used for HTN in pregnancy?

Side effects include sedation, dry mouth, fatigue, orthostatic hypotension, and depression. Sudden discontinuation of the drug can result in what?

A

Clonidine is routinely used

Alpha-methyl dopa is used for pregnancy HTN

(FYI: The 3rd drug is Guanabenz)

Sudden discontinuation –> rebound HTN

Pharm - Unit 4 (12 decks)

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