Hypertension

Question 1

What is the equation for cardiac output?

Answer 1

CO= HR X SV

Question 2

What is the equation for blood pressure

Answer 2

BP= HR X SV X TPR or
BP= CO X TPR

Question 3

How is vascular smooth muscle controlled?

Answer 3

1. Receptors on Vascular smooth muscle e.g adrenoreceptors
2. Receptors on Endothelial cell
   E.g receptors for acetycholine

Question 4

What are a1-adrenoreceptors

Answer 4

• they are activated by noradrenaline and adrenaline (catecholamines)
  -causes vasoconstriction
  -causes increased resistance

Question 5

What do a1-adrenoreceptor antagonists do?

Answer 5

Reduce resistance therefore used as antihypertensives

Question 6

What are b2- adrenoreceptors

Answer 6

Less influence on total resistance
Activation causes relaxation and decreased resistance

Question 7

How do b2- adrenoreceptor antagonists work? (beta blockers)

Answer 7

Increase resistance therefore they are hypertensive agents

Question 8

What do calcium channel blockers do

Answer 8

Bind to the L
type channel restricting calcium from entering

Question 9

What do ace inhibitors do

Answer 9

Block the conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II. They also inhibit bradykinin levels (peptide that causes vessels to dilate by stimulating nitric oxide and prostacyclin)

Question 10

What do ARBS do

Answer 10

They block the angiotensin receptor which is also responsible for producing aldosterone so water and sodium retention

Question 11

What do renin lnhibitors do

Answer 11

Block the conversion of angiotensinogen to angiotensin I . Therefore inhibiting the production of Angiotensin II

Question 12

How is BP regulated

Answer 12

BP is regulated by baroreceptors on the carotid sinuses. So when BP is too low the baroreceptors send signals to the adrenal medulla triggering an increase in the sympathetic system through activation of b1 and alpha1 receptors

Question 13

What do centrally acting adrenergic drugs do (clonedine and methyldopa)

Answer 13

Activate the alpha 2 receptors. Causing negative feedback to reduce catecholamine production and therefore reduction in BP

Question 14

What’s the difference between dihydropyridine and nondihydropyridine calcium channel blockers

Answer 14

Dihydropyridines only work on L type channels on smooth muscles whereas NDH works on smooth muscle, cardiac cells , SA and AV node 🤣🤣

Question 15

How do loop diuretics (furosemide)work

Answer 15

Reduce the absorption of sodium chloride in the loop of henle. Leads to diuresis. So less volume in the vascular space means less blood returns to the heart. So BP decreases

Question 16

How do thiazide diuretics work (hydrochlorothiazide)

Answer 16

Reduce reabsorption of NaCl in the DCT

Question 17

What are the two mechanism of potassium sparing diuretics work

Answer 17

1. Interfere with sodium potassium exchange
2. Blocking the actions of aldosterone

Question 18

How do non selective beta blockers works?

Answer 18

Bind to alpha and beta receptors. So simultaneously decrease vascular resistance and cardiac output

Question 19

Types of non selective beta blockers

Answer 19

Labetalol
Carvedilol

Question 20

How do selective beta blockers work

Answer 20

Bind to beta1 receptors on the heart decreasing cardiac output

Question 21

What are the types of selective beta blockers

Answer 21

Atenolol
Metoprolol

Question 22

Name types of dihydropyridines

Answer 22

Amlodipine
Felodipine
Nicardipene
Nifedipine

Question 23

Name Non dihydropyridines

Answer 23

Diltazem
Verapamil

Question 24

what to do if white coat is suspected during a review

Answer 24

consider abpm or hbpm as they are in the comfort of their home