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Immunity > Hypersensitivity Reactions > Flashcards

Hypersensitivity Reactions Flashcards

1
Q

define hypersensitivity reactions

A

an antigen specific reaction that is either inappropriate or excessive causing harm to the host

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2
Q

what are the 2 phases in hypersensitivity reactions

A
  1. sensitisation phase

2. effector phase

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3
Q

what are type 2 hypersensitivity reactions

A

where antibodies are produced against cell membrane bound antigens

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4
Q

what are the effects of type 2 reactions

A

tissue damage and physiological changes

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5
Q

how does tissue damage occur in type 2 reactions

A

complement cascade - causes neutrophil recruitment, cell lysis and opsonisation
antibody dependant cell cytotoxicity

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6
Q

what is antibody dependant cell cytotoxicity

A

where natural killer cells binds to the antibodies and release toxic radicals into the cells

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7
Q

what are type 3 hypersensitivity reactions

A

where the production of immune complexes cause problems due to their deposition in tissues

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8
Q

true or false: membrane bound antigens are targeted in type 3 reactions

A

false- it is soluble antigens

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9
Q

what antibodies are involved in type 3 reactions

A

IgG and IgM

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10
Q

what are type 4 reactions

A

where lymphocytes and macrophages are involved in the reaction

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11
Q

true or false: type 4 reactions are immediate

A

false - they are delayed

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12
Q

what are the treatments for type 2 reactions

A

immune suppressants - so that you can’t produce the antibodies
plasmapheresis
splenectomy
receptor stimulators/blockers

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13
Q

what is plasmapheresis

A

the cleaning of plasma to remove the antigen from blood

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14
Q

what is the treatment for type 3 and 4

A

non steroidals, corticosteroids and monoclonal antibodies

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15
Q

what type of reaction is involved in Rheumatoid arthritis

A

type 3

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16
Q

what type of reaction is systemic lupus erthematosus

A

type 3 - antibody is against Ds-DNA

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17
Q

what type of reaction is glomerulonephritis

A

type 3 - there is sustained presence of a microbe causing the production of lots of immune complexes

18
Q

what type of reaction occurs when you transfuse the wrong blood type

A

type 2

19
Q

why does a hypersensitivity reaction occur after giving a group blood type

A

you have naturally occurring antibodies against the other blood types which will destroy foreign RBCs

20
Q

what type of antibody is involved in blood transfusion reactions

A

IgM

21
Q

why can a mother have a child with a different blood type but not have her antibodies attack the Childs RBCs

A

as the antibodies are IgM,so can’t cross the placenta

22
Q

what is haemolytic disease of the newborn

A

when a RH D antigen positive child is being carried in a negative mother. when there blood mixes the mother produces antibodies against the Rh D antigen which attack the Childs RBCs

23
Q

why can the mothers antibodies against the Rh Antigen reach the child

A

they are IgG so can cross the placenta

24
Q

what is myasthenia gravis

A

where you produce antibodies against the ACh receptors, meaning nervous conductance can’t occur very well

25
Q

what type of hypersensitivity reaction occurs in myasthenia gravis

A

type 2

26
Q

what are the 3 sub types of type 4 reactions

A
  1. contact
  2. tuberculin
  3. granulomatous
27
Q

what is contact hypersensitivity

A

where the antigen binding to the hosts epidermal proteins can cause a reaction

28
Q

what is tuberculin hypersensitivity

A

where the TB microbe cannot be removed so granulomas form around it

29
Q

what is the Mantoux test

A

injecting a small bit of TB into the skin to see if there is a TH1 response - if there is a small dot it shows the person has already been sensitised

30
Q

what type of hypersensitivity disease is hashimotos

A

type 4 and type 2 - as antibodies are produced but there is also a TH1 response

31
Q

true or false: type 1reactions have a delayed response

A

false - the response is immediate

32
Q

what happens during a type 1 reaction

A

a TH2 response is initiated to produce IgE (instead of the normal TH1 response)

33
Q

what does the IgE in type 1 reactions do

A

activates mast cells

34
Q

where are mast cells usually found

A

in the skin, GI tract, respiratory tract

35
Q

name some of the mediators released from the mast cell granules

A

histamine, leukotriene, platelet activating factor, tryptase

36
Q

what does histamine do

A

increases vascular permeability, smooth muscle contraction

37
Q

what do leukotrienes do

A

smooth muscle contractions, mucus secretions

38
Q

describe the sensitisation phase of type 1 reactions

A

upon exposer IgE is produced which waits on the mast cells

39
Q

describe the effector phase of type 1 reactions

A

the antigen causes cross linkage of 2 IgE antibodies, activating the mast cell which they are on

40
Q

what is urticaria

A

skin rash

41
Q

what is angioedema

A

swelling in the eyes, lips and mouth due to involvement of vasculature

42
Q

what are the treatment options for type 1 reactions

A

allergen desensitisation
anti-IgE monoclonal antibody
anti-histamine
leukotriene receptor antagonist

Immunity (5 decks)

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