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VET 411: Skin > Hypersensitivity & Autoimmune > Flashcards

Hypersensitivity & Autoimmune Flashcards

1
Q

type I hypersensitivity

A

immediate

allergen binds to allergen specific IgE antibody on mast cells leading to degranulation

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2
Q

type II hypersensitivity

A

antibody mediated
cytotoxic

immune response mediated by IgG antibodies directed against antigens on the surface of normal cells

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3
Q

type III hypersensitivity

A

immune complex mediated

IgM + IgG form complexes that deposit along the basal lamina and activate complement cascade

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4
Q

type IV hypersensitivity

A

cell mediated

delayed hypersensitivity reaction mediated by T cells

takes 1-3 days to see response

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5
Q

allergic hypersensitivity

A

adverse or unwanted immunologic response to allergens

pruritic skin disease resulting in self trauma and secondary lesions

immediate, late, or delayed

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6
Q

immediate reaction

A

develops in minutes

inflammatory mediators cause wheal formation

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7
Q

late phase reaction

A

develops in hours

inflammatory cells enter the tissue

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8
Q

delayed reaction

A

develops in hours/days

mediated by T cells

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9
Q

flea allergy dermatitis

A

hypersensitivity to proteins in flea saliva

occurs in dogs and cats

causes immediate and delayed reaction

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10
Q

FAD in dogs

A

lesions:
- alopecia
- erythema
- lichenification
- redundant skin folds

sites: caudal half of body, tail base, bilaterally symmetric

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11
Q

FAD in cats

A

highly variable lesions and presentation

erythematous eosinophilic plaques, rashes

miliary reaction

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12
Q

miliary reaction

A

inside –> out pattern of FAD in cats

tiny crusted pustules on the skin surface

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13
Q

culicoides hypersensitivity

A

hypersensitivity to the bites of culicoides fly species

occurs in HORSES with hereditary predisposition

dorsal and ventral disease pattern

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14
Q

culicoides lesion

A

dorsal: base of tail, rump, back, withers, crest, poll, ears

ventral: entire ventral midline

lesions: pruritus, excoriations, alopecia, lichenification

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15
Q

canine atopic dermatitis

A

transpidermal exposure and absorption of allergens through an epidermis with a defective barrier function

outside –> in process originating from decreased barrier function

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16
Q

steps of CAD development

A
  1. sensitization
  2. progression
  3. inflammation
17
Q

sensitization

A
  1. defective barrier allows allergens to enter epidermis
  2. naive epidermal LCs capture and process antigens
  3. LCs migrate to local draining lymph nodes
  4. allergens are presented to naive Th lymphocytes and get activated to Th2 cells
  5. Th2 cells produce cytokines IL-4 and IL-13
  6. IL-4 and IL-13 stimulates B cell production of allergen specific IgE
  7. activated Th2 cells and AS IgE migrate to the dermis to begin role in the cycle of itch and inflammation
18
Q

progression

A
  1. upon re-exposure to the same allergen, the epidermal LCs with cell surface bound AS IgE will bind allergen and migrate to the dermis
  2. AS IgE and LC cells present allergen to Th2 lymphocytes in the dermis
  3. allergens in the dermis trigger release of IL-31, pro-inflam cytokines, and histamine; activates sensory neurons to induce pruritus
19
Q

inflammation

A
  1. pro-inflam cytokines recruit eosinophils and neutrophils to the dermis
  2. pruritus and inflammation cause the epidermis and stratum corneum to thicken, causing barrier function to worsen
  3. decreased barrier function allows increased allergen penetration –> repeats cycle
20
Q

are autoimmune diseases common in animals

A

rare

21
Q

diagnostic and treatment for autoimmune diseases

A

dx: skin biopsy
tx: immunosuppressive treatment

22
Q

what do lesions of autoimmune diseases depend on

A

the target of the auto-antibodies and activated lymphocytes

ex. if target is melanocytes –> focal areas of depigmentation

23
Q

what are the 3 classes of autoimmune disorders

A
  1. antibody mediated
  2. lymphocyte mediated
  3. antigen-antibody complex mediated
24
Q

antibody mediated

A

targets: keratinocytes + BMZ

25
Q

lymphocyte mediated

A

targets: keratinocytes, follicular bulb, melanocytes

26
Q

antigen-antibody complex mediated

A

deposits immune complexes in the skin

27
Q

pemphigus

A

antibody mediated autoimmune disease

auto-antibodies develop against transmembrane protein antigens required for keratinocyte adhesion

attacks desmosome proteins leading to loss of adhesion between keratinocytes

28
Q

pemphigus foliaceus

A

autoantibodies against desmocollin 1 (DSC 1) in dogs
- unknown target in cats

29
Q

pemphigus foliaceus lesion

A

large pustules and crusts
location: face (pinna, muzzle, nasal planum)
- NO oral mucosa lesions
- footpad and claw bed in cats

can cause systemic illness if generalized

30
Q

pemphigus vulgaris

A

autoantibodies against desmoglein III (DSG III)

rare

31
Q

pemphigus vulgaris lesions

A

coalescing erosions, ulcers, and vesicles
location: oral mucosa

often systemically ill
poor prognosis

VET 411: Skin (16 decks)

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