Hypersensitivities

Question 1

Immunoglobulins

Answer 1

IgG
IgM
IgA
IgE
IgD

Question 2

Antibodies are the same as ________:

Answer 2

immunoglobulins. There are 5 primary immunoglobulins produced in response to specific antigens.

Question 3

IgG

Answer 3

-the most common and represents about 75% of circulating antibodies. Activates complement and binds to macrophages.

-the main antibody that crosses the placenta during pregnancy, therefore giving initial protection to the newborn.

-levels increase slowly during initial exposure to an antigen, but increases immediately and to a much greater extent w/ a second exposure.

Question 4

IgM

Answer 4

is produced first and in highest concentrations during primary exposure to an antigen. It is the antibody that is responsible for natural immunity and forms the ABO antibodies

Question 5

IgA

Answer 5

is most concentrated in salivary, gastric, and respiratory secretions to protect mucous membranes. IgA acts locally rather than systemically. Maternal IgA passes to an infant through breast milk.

Question 6

IgE

Answer 6

is responsible for allergic reactions, binding to mast cells and basophils. It is also stimulated with parasitic infections.

Question 7

IgD

Answer 7

is believed to be involved in the maturation of B cells.

Question 8

Type I Hypersensitivity

Answer 8

-a severe type I reaction results in anaphylaxis

-IgE mediated

Question 9

Type I hypersensitivities S/S (Anaphylaxis)

Answer 9

-loss of consciousness
-hives
-swelling of tongue, inability to swallow
-rapid swelling of throat tissues

Question 10

Type II Hypersensitivity

Answer 10

-type II reaction results in a loss of self tolerance, as in the autoimmune diseases, or as seen in blood transfusion

-IgG & IgM

Question 11

Type I

Answer 11

Exposure to the antigen causes sensitization of the mast cell; subsequent binding of the antigen to the sensitized degranulation of mast cell w/ release of potent inflammatory mediators, such as histamine, that are responsible for the hypersensitivity reactions.

Question 12

Type II

Answer 12

Type II cytotoxic hypersensitivity reactions involve formation of immunoglobulins (IgG and IgM) against cell surface antigens. The antigen-antibody response leads to (1) complement mediated mechanisms of cell injury or (2) antibody cytotoxicity that does not require the complement system

Question 13

Type III Hypersensitivity

Answer 13

• occurs when circulating antibody-antigen complexes become trapped in the capillary meshwork

-examples incl. antibodies formed against antibiotics

Question 14

Type III

Answer 14

Type III, immune complex reactions involve complement activating IgG and IgM immunoglobulins w/ formation of blood borne immune complexes that are eventually deposited in tissues. Complement activation at the site of immune complex deposition leads to recruitment of leukocytes, which are responsible for tissue injury.

Question 15

Type IV Hypersensitivity

Answer 15

-this reaction occurs from cell mediation such a T cells, not antibodies. TB and poison ivy are examples of this.

-a delayed response that may take days to develop (PPD)

Question 16

Type IV

Answer 16

Type IV, cell mediated or delayed type hypersensitivity reactions involve sensitization of T lymphocytes w/ the subsequent formation of cytotoxic T cells that lyse target cells or T cells that release cell damaging lymphokines.

Question 17

Autoimmune Diseases

Answer 17

-butterfly rash (s/s of systemic lupus erythematosus)
-pleural effusions
-heart problems
-lupus nephritis
-arthritis
-raynaud’s phenomenon
-the loss of self tolerance

Question 18

Anti-DNA Antibodies

Answer 18

-organ specific
-non-oran specific
-collaborative care: symptom management & lifestyle maintenance
-pharmacologic precautions: Prednisone