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Chemical Pathology > Hyperkalemia > Flashcards

Hyperkalemia Flashcards

1
Q

What is Dilutional Hyponatremia?

A

A condition characterized by renal dysfunction with increased intake of hypotonic fluids, excessive sweating, and impaired renal excretion of water.

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2
Q

List some causes of Dilutional Hyponatremia.

A
  • Syndrome of Inappropriate ADH (SIADH)
  • Oliguric renal failure
  • Severe congestive heart failure
  • Cirrhosis
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3
Q

What is Hyperkalaemia?

A

A condition where serum potassium (K+) levels exceed 5.5 mEq/L.

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4
Q

What are the early clinical manifestations of Hyperkalemia?

A
  • Hyperactive muscles
  • Paraesthesia
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5
Q

What are the late clinical manifestations of Hyperkalemia?

A
  • Muscle weakness
  • Flaccid paralysis
  • Change in ECG pattern
  • Dysrhythmias
  • Bradycardia
  • Cardiac arrest
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6
Q

What is the initial treatment for Hyperkalemia?

A
  • Find cause & treat
  • Calcium gluconate IV
  • Soluble insulin with 50% glucose IV
  • Ion exchange resin
  • Bicarbonate IV
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7
Q

What is the long-term treatment for Hyperkalemia?

A

Dialysis.

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8
Q

What are the clinical manifestations of Hypokalaemia?

A
  • Weakness
  • Flaccid paralysis
  • Respiratory arrest
  • Constipation
  • Dysrhythmias
  • Postural hypotension
  • Cardiac arrest
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9
Q

What is the treatment for Hypokalaemia?

A

Increase K+ intake, preferably by foods, but slowly.

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10
Q

What is the etiology of Hyperkalemia?

A
  • Renal disease
  • Massive cellular trauma
  • Insulin deficiency
  • Addison’s disease
  • Potassium-sparing diuretics
  • Decreased blood pH
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11
Q

True or False: Peritoneal dialysis is as effective as hemodialysis for treating Hyperkalemia.

A

False.

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12
Q

What are some causes of Hypernatremia?

A
  • Hypertonic IV solution
  • Oversecretion of aldosterone
  • Loss of pure water
  • Long-term sweating with chronic fever
  • Respiratory infection
  • Diabetes
  • Insufficient intake of water
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13
Q

What is the treatment for Hyponatremia?

A
  • Water restriction
  • Sodium chloride administration
  • Hypertonic saline for severe cases
  • Vaptan
  • Treat underlying aetiology
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14
Q

What are the clinical manifestations of Hyponatremia?

A
  • Neurological symptoms: lethargy, headache, confusion, seizures
  • Muscle symptoms: cramps, weakness
  • Gastrointestinal symptoms: nausea, vomiting, abdominal cramps
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15
Q

What is the treatment for Hypernatremia?

A
  • Desmopressin for DI
  • Volume status assessment
  • Salt restriction
  • Loop diuretics with water
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16
Q

What are the aetiologies of calcium imbalance?

A
  • Hypocalcemia: post thyroid surgery, renal failure, hyperphosphatemia
  • Hypercalcemia: renal dysfunction, malignant disease, nutritional disorders
17
Q

What are the clinical features of Hypocalcaemia?

A
  • Tetany
  • Depression
  • Perioral paraesthesiae
  • Carpopedal spasm
  • Neuromuscular excitability
18
Q

What is the treatment for Hypercalcemia?

A
  • Treat the etiology
  • Saline diuresis with furosemide
  • Inhibit bone resorption
  • Hemodialysis
19
Q

What is the normal serum level of potassium?

A

3.5-5.0 mmol/L.

20
Q

What is the primary intracellular ion?

A

Potassium.

21
Q

Fill in the blank: An electrolyte is a substance whose components dissociate in solution into positively charged _______ and negatively charged _______.

A

[cations], [anions]

22
Q

What regulates sodium balance in the body?

A

ADH.

23
Q

What is the RDA for sodium?

A

2400 mg (1-2 mEq/kg/day).

24
Q

What is the RDA for potassium?

A

4700 mg (0.6-0.8 mEq/kg/day).

25
Q

What is the significance of serum osmolality?

A

It helps assess the concentration of solutes in the serum.

26
Q

Reference interval for hyperkalemia

A

3.5-5.0mmol/l

27
Q

The most important intracellular cation Is?

A

Potassium

28
Q

Which of the concentration of potassium (extracellular or intracellular ) is of clinical significance

A

Extracellular concentration

29
Q

When does potassium arrest the heart

A

Diastole

30
Q

When does calcium cause cardiac arrrest

A

In systole

Chemical Pathology (2 decks)

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