Hyperkalaemia Flashcards
1
Q
what is hyperkalaemia?
A
Plasma K+ >5.5 mmol/L
- mild: 5.5-5.9
- moderate: 6-6.4
- severe: >6.5
2
Q
name the main causes of hyperkalaemia
A
- Renal causes
- AKI
- CKD
- hypoaldosteronism and hyperkalaemic renal tubular acidosis
- drugs inhibiting K+ secretion: spironolactone,amiloride
- drugs interfering with RAAS: ACEi, ARBs, NSAIDs, heparin - Increased circulation of K+
- exogenous: K+ supplementation
- endogenous: tumour lysis syndrome, rhabdomyolysis, trauma, burns, drowning - Intracellular to extracellular space shift
- acidosis, e.g. DKA
- drugs: digoxin toxicity, beta-blockers, theophylline
- hyperkalaemic periodic paralysis - Pseudohyperkalaemia, e.g. prolonged tourniquet time, difficult sample, etc.
3
Q
describe the possible presentation of hyperkalaemia
A
Often asymptomatic but may have:
- weakness and fatigue
- palpitations and chest pain
- muscular paralysis
- SOB
Often no signs but may have:
- bradycardia (due to heart block)
- tachypnoea (resp. muscle weakness)
- muscle weakness and flaccid paralysis
- hypo- or arreflexia
4
Q
which tests would you perform on someone with ?hyperkalaemia?
A
- Bloods
- UandEs: K+ >5.5 mmol/L
- ABG: confirm high K+ and ?metabolic acidosis
- glucose: ?DKA - ECG: look for classical changes although may be normal in some cases.
5
Q
describe the typical ECG changes in hyperkalaemia
A
- Tall tented T waves
- P wave changes: progressive flattening, elongation of PR interval, eventual disappearance of P waves. Bradycardia is common and AV blocks may occur.
- Broad QRS complexes (>0.12 s)
- Dev. of sine wave pattern (combination of tall T waves and wide QRS).
- Ventricular fibrillation
6
Q
describe the emergency management of a pt with severe hyperkalaemia
A
- 10% calcium gluconate 10 mL slow IV (to protect cardiac membrane, will improve ECG within 1-3 min). If no improvement, 10 mL every 10 min until ECG normalises.
- Insulin-glucose IV infusion - 10 units insulin added to 25 g glucose (to shift K+ into cells).
- Nebulised salbutamol 10-20 mg (to shift K+ into cells)
In resistant hyperkalaemia:
- give further IV glucose-insulin or IV calcium
- input from renal physician: can use sodium bicarbonate or haemodialysis
7
Q
how can hyperkalaemia be treated in a non-acute situation?
A
Remove K+ from body using 15 g calcium resonium 3-4x/day with regular lactulose over several days