Hyperkalaemia Flashcards

1
Q

what is hyperkalaemia?

A

Plasma K+ >5.5 mmol/L

  • mild: 5.5-5.9
  • moderate: 6-6.4
  • severe: >6.5
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

name the main causes of hyperkalaemia

A
  1. Renal causes
    - AKI
    - CKD
    - hypoaldosteronism and hyperkalaemic renal tubular acidosis
    - drugs inhibiting K+ secretion: spironolactone,amiloride
    - drugs interfering with RAAS: ACEi, ARBs, NSAIDs, heparin
  2. Increased circulation of K+
    - exogenous: K+ supplementation
    - endogenous: tumour lysis syndrome, rhabdomyolysis, trauma, burns, drowning
  3. Intracellular to extracellular space shift
    - acidosis, e.g. DKA
    - drugs: digoxin toxicity, beta-blockers, theophylline
    - hyperkalaemic periodic paralysis
  4. Pseudohyperkalaemia, e.g. prolonged tourniquet time, difficult sample, etc.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

describe the possible presentation of hyperkalaemia

A

Often asymptomatic but may have:

  • weakness and fatigue
  • palpitations and chest pain
  • muscular paralysis
  • SOB

Often no signs but may have:

  • bradycardia (due to heart block)
  • tachypnoea (resp. muscle weakness)
  • muscle weakness and flaccid paralysis
  • hypo- or arreflexia
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

which tests would you perform on someone with ?hyperkalaemia?

A
  1. Bloods
    - UandEs: K+ >5.5 mmol/L
    - ABG: confirm high K+ and ?metabolic acidosis
    - glucose: ?DKA
  2. ECG: look for classical changes although may be normal in some cases.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

describe the typical ECG changes in hyperkalaemia

A
  1. Tall tented T waves
  2. P wave changes: progressive flattening, elongation of PR interval, eventual disappearance of P waves. Bradycardia is common and AV blocks may occur.
  3. Broad QRS complexes (>0.12 s)
  4. Dev. of sine wave pattern (combination of tall T waves and wide QRS).
  5. Ventricular fibrillation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

describe the emergency management of a pt with severe hyperkalaemia

A
  1. 10% calcium gluconate 10 mL slow IV (to protect cardiac membrane, will improve ECG within 1-3 min). If no improvement, 10 mL every 10 min until ECG normalises.
  2. Insulin-glucose IV infusion - 10 units insulin added to 25 g glucose (to shift K+ into cells).
  3. Nebulised salbutamol 10-20 mg (to shift K+ into cells)

In resistant hyperkalaemia:

  • give further IV glucose-insulin or IV calcium
  • input from renal physician: can use sodium bicarbonate or haemodialysis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

how can hyperkalaemia be treated in a non-acute situation?

A

Remove K+ from body using 15 g calcium resonium 3-4x/day with regular lactulose over several days

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly