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health and hygiene ecology exam > hygieneand water pollution > Flashcards

hygieneand water pollution Flashcards

1
Q

______,_____,_____,_____ are things we do everyday in our lives.

A

Drinking, eating, washing, excreting

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2
Q

what ius the 6th Goal of the United Nations (SDG) and its target

A

Goal 6: Ensure access to water and sanitation for all

Target 6.1: By 2030, achieve universal and equitable access to safe and affordable drinking water for all

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3
Q

fill int the blanks
world wide __ in __ do not have access to ___ _____ _____.

__ out of -___ do not have basic _____-_____ _____ with _____ and ____.

___ in ___ health care facilities lack basic ____________

at least ______ million people still practice ____ _______.

A

1 in 3
safe drinking water

2 out of 5
hand washing facility
saop and water

1 in 4
watger services

892 million
open defecation

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4
Q

fill in the blank
globally ____ billion cases of ______ occur every year and ____% of these can be attributed to ______ ____, ________ ________ and ______ ______.

each yday nearly _______ children dies due to the preventable water and sanitation- related ______ ______.

A 
4 billion
diarrhoea
88%
unsafce water
inadequate snaitation and
poor hygiene

1,000 children
diarrheal diseases.

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5
Q

throughout these last years what has demonstrated the critical importance of sanitation, hygiene, and adequate access to clean water for preventing and containing diseases.

A

covid 19 pandemic

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6
Q

what saves lives.

A

hand hygiene

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7
Q

According to the World Health Organization, what are the most effective actions you can taketo reduce the spread of pathogens and prevent infections, including the COVID-19 virus.

A

handwashing

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8
Q

define health

A

Health: a state of complete mental, psycho-social And physical well-being.

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9
Q

define hygiene:

A

Hygiene: conditions or practices conducive to maintaining good self esteem, good health and preventing disease, mainl through cleanliness.

Or the set of practices associated with the preservation of health and healthy living.

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10
Q

Enviornmental health

A

the control of all the factors in a person’s physical environment that have, or can have, a damaging effect on their physical, mental or social wellbeing.

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11
Q

environment

A

everything that surrounds us. This includes all the external influences and conditions that can affect our health, life and growth

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12
Q

sanitation

A

the prevention of human contact with waste, for hygienic purposes.

or
the promotiion of health through the prevention of human contact with the hazards associated with the lack of healthy food, clean water and healthful housing, the control of vectors (living organisms that transmit diseases) and a clean environment.

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13
Q

the world health organization (who) defines environmantal health as:

A

all the physical, chemical, and biological factors external to a person, and all the related factors impacting behaviours.
It encompasses the assessment and control of those environmental factors that can potentially affect health.

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14
Q

mention the different types of sanitation and define each.

A

Basic sanitation: refers to the management of human faeces at the household level. It means access to a toilet or latrine.

Onsite sanitation: the collection and treatment of waste at the place where it is deposited.

Food sanitation: refers to the hygienic measures for ensuring food safety. Food hygiene is similar to food sanitation.

Housing sanitation: refers to safeguarding the home environment (the dwelling and its immediate environment).

Environmental sanitation: the control of environmental factors that form links in disease transmission. This category includes solid waste management, water and wastewater treatment, industrial waste treatment and noise and pollution control.

Ecological sanitation: the concept of recycling the nutrients from human and animal wastes to the environment.

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15
Q

mention the 10 components of environmental health

A
  1. personal hygiene
  2. water supply
  3. human waste disposal
  4. solid waste disposal
  5. vector control
  6. food hygiene
  7. healthful housing
  8. institutional hygiene
  9. water pollution
  10. occupational hygiene
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16
Q

name the five main routes transmission pathway for microorganisms.

A
  1. direct contact
  2. fomites (inaimate objects)
  3. aerosol (airborne)
  4. oral (ingestion)
  5. vectorborne
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17
Q

case study:
: A 30-year-old woman has TB. She lives with her elderly mother and her 5-year-old child. Some weeks later the elderly woman develops a cough and tests positive for TB. What is the most likely pathway of transmission in this case?

A

aerosol, fomities or direct contact

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18
Q

the pathway of transmission for disease requires two things which are the?

A

host: the individual that could become infected
and the
source: the infectious agent that discharges the disease.

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19
Q

what is an intervention?

A

an intervention is a way of stoping the disease from being transmitted.

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20
Q

fill in the blank spaces

Our living ______ is composed of ______, _____, and _________ centers where people spend their time.

____, ______, and ______ are our concerns.

The provision of __________ _______ services extends to all these aspects of our lives.

It is important to know the different parts of your _________/_________ so that you can ________ better ______ in all areas.

A

environment
home, work, and recreational

Water, air and food

environmental health services

community/environment
promote
hygiene

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21
Q

name the intervention models and sketch to demonstrate how it works.

A
  1. the clinical intervention modle: diagnosis and treatment of sick persons.
    healthy population-environment/exposure-disease/condition-(intervention is done to prevent)-death
  2. the public health intervention model: targets attaining safe environment.

healthy population- (intervention is done to prevent)- environment-exposure -(intervention is done to prevent)- communicable disease- death.

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22
Q

mention 3 possible intervention metohds for diarrhea

A
  1. intervention at source (where it occurs)
  2. intervention in the environment ( its transmission pathway)
  3. intervention at the host (the individual that might become infected.
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23
Q

what are some factors that should be considered when using the intervention models in a wider context?

A

helpful local policies, appropriate community level organisations, sanitation legislation, developing sanitation technology options and poverty alleviation efforts.

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24
Q

pathogenic (disease-causing) bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoa and parasites.

A

infectious agents

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25
Q

true or false

inorder for infectious agents to cause a disease they must be introduced into the bodies in sufficient amounts.

A

true

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26
Q

environmental risk factors

A

The environmental conditions and practices that facilitate the entry of these infectious agents into our bodies.

eg. drinking contaminated h20 with human fecal matter.

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27
Q

environmental risk factors include

A 
contaminated h20
lack of latriens
poor hand washing
inappropriate solid waste management
open dedication
vector infestation

indoor air pollution
outdoor/ambient air pollution
general environmental hazards (climate, mosquitos, nutrition)
environmental hazards in workplace (excess moise, heat, dust, chemicals)

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28
Q

diarrhoeal diseases, trachoma, schistosomaisis, ascariasis, trichuriasis, hookworm, typhoid fever, relapsing fever are caused by what type of environmental risk factors.

A 
contaminated h20
lack of latriens
poor hand washing
inappropriate solid waste management
open dedication
vector infestation
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29
Q

COPD, lower respiratory infections, and lung cancer are caused by what type of environmental risk factor?

A

indoor air pollution

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30
Q

respiratory infections, cariovascular diseases. lung cancer is caused by what type of environmental risk factor?

A

outdoor/ambient air pollution

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31
Q

diarrhoeal disease, malnutrition, malaria and other vector-borne disease, and heat exhaustion are caused by what type of environmental risk factor?

A

general environmental hazards (climate, mosquitos, nutrition)

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32
Q

injuries, hearing loss, cancer, asthma, back pain, COPD are caused by what type of environmental risk factor?

A

environmental hazards in workplace (excess moise, heat, dust, chemicals)

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33
Q

mention the three possible types of interactions with the environment

A
  1. humans can affect the environment,
  2. The environment can affect humans, and humans
  3. The environment can co-exist (where they sustain each other).
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34
Q

sustainable development

A

development which meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.

the friendly coexistance btw development and the environment.

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35
Q

explain in your own words what is the role of environmental health in public health.

A

Environmental health is a part of public health to help prevent disease and promot people’s health safety. it is associated with recognising, assessing, understanding and controlling the
impacts of people on their environment and the impacts of the environment on the public.
it is important to
1. Improving human health and protecting it from environmental hazards.
2. Develop liaison between the community, local authority, and higher levels of administration.
3. Act independently to provide advice designing and developing plans of action for environmental hazards.
4. Initiating and implementing health/hygiene, sanitation and environmental programmes to promote understanding.
5. Enforcing environmental legislation
6. Monitor and evaluate environmental health activities, programmes and projects.

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36
Q

Environmental health planning refers to a _______ _______ by which goals are established, ______ are gathered and ______, _________ proposals and
__________ are considered and _________, resources are _______, _______
are established, and ________ and _________ are designed to meet the established ______ or _______ within a specified period of time.

A 
systematic process 
facts 
analysed, 
alternative  
programmes 
compared, 
measured, 
priorities
strategies 
activities 
goals 
objectives
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37
Q

list the steps for enironmental health planning

A
  1. identify needs and gaps
  2. priority setting
  3. writing a planning report
  4. implementing plan
  5. monitoring and evaluation plan performance.
  6. learning by doing
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38
Q

role of environmental health

A

Environmental health plays a major role in the prevention and control of
communicable diseases caused by pathogens, such as diarrhoea, and other
diseases and conditions, such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
caused through inhalation of air pollution.

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39
Q

interaction btw humans and the enviornment has various forms the major forms are ?

A

urbanisation, industralisation and development.

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40
Q

Environmental health hazards:

A

any environmental factors or situations that can cause injury, disease or death

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41
Q

hazard:

A

something which is known to cause harm, that is, a source of danger to health.

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42
Q

risk:

A

is the likelihood or probability of the hazard occurring and the magnitude of the resulting effects

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43
Q

case study: identify which is the hazard, and the risk.

vianney climb a ladder knowing that there was a chance she could fall off and be injured, although it is unlikely.

A

The ladder is the hazard and the chance of injury is the risk you take by climbing the ladder

44
Q

mention the different types of environmental health hazards?

A
  1. Physical Hazards
  2. Biological Hazards
  3. Chemical Hazards
  4. Cultural/Practice relayed Hazards
  5. Social Hazards
45
Q

physical hazards

A

Those substances or conditions that threaten our physical safety.

example Fires, explosive materials, temperature (hot or cold), noise, radiation, spills on floors and unguarded machines

46
Q

erogonomic hazard?

A

occur when the type of work, body position and working conditions put strain on your body.

47
Q

biological hazard

A

Are organisms, or by-products from an organism, that are harmful or potentially harmful to human beings.
They include pathogenic bacteria, viruses and parasites, and also toxins (poisons) that are produced by organisms.

48
Q

Bacteria cause

A

cholera, tuberculosis, leprosy, relapsing fever and many diarrhoeal diseases;

49
Q

Viruses are responsible for

A

hepatitis B and C, HIV, measles and polio;

50
Q

Parasites:

A

any organism that lives on or in another organism, called the host, and causes damage, ill health or even death to the host.

51
Q

Some human parasites are

A

external and live on the skin and hair; for example, mites that cause scabies.

Internal parasites, living inside the body, include protozoa and helminths..

52
Q

protozoan parasites are

A

single celled organisims that enter body by ingestion or via bites of infected insects.

eg maleria, sleeping sickness, leishmaniasis, amoebic dysentery, giardiasis

53
Q

helmints are

A

parasitic worms living inside body.

54
Q

mention the different types of parasetic worms

A
  1. tapeworms
  2. round worm called “nematodes”
  3. flukes
55
Q

how are biological hazards arised?

A

it arises from working with infected people, animals or holding infected waste, body fluids, unsafe food or water.

56
Q

chemical hazards.

A

present when a person is exposed to a harmful chemical at home or at work.

57
Q

chemical hazards can be in form of

A

The chemicals can be in the form of gases, solids or liquids.

58
Q

Exposure to chemicals could cause

A

acute health effects (an immediate or rapid onset) if taken in large quantities in a single dose;

or

chronic health effects (long-term effects on health) if taken in small doses over an extended time.

59
Q

a perosn can be exposed to chemical hazards via?

A

inhaling vapour, gas or dust
skin contact
ingestion

60
Q

cultural hazards.

A

Culture is the knowledge, belief, art, law, morals, customs and habits that are acquired by people as members of society.

It is also the common ways of life and set of thoughts and feelings shared by the members of a society. it can be both beneficial and unfortunate for human health.

are cultural practices that adversely affect health.

61
Q

social hazards

A

are social litmits to humanity such as Poverty and illiteracy.

62
Q

how does illiteracy afftect society

A

Illiteracy has a direct impact on human health. It prevents people from being able to read the instructions on a medicine bottle.

63
Q

how can environmental health hazards be resuded.

A

To reduce the adverse impacts of environmental hazards on human health we need to understand where the hazard comes from/ the source of origin, identify it and the pathway it can take to affect people.

64
Q

case study: identify the source and pathway of environmental health hazard.

Industrial processes in a factory release chemical hazards that may be found in sewage. the sewage could reach drinking water, thereby creating the possibility of ingesting these chemicals.

A

source factory
pathway sewage via drinking water
ingestion

65
Q

The type of hazard is the:

The pathway is the:

The response or the effect is the:

A

:particular chemical, infectious agent or other agent involved.

: route by which the hazard gets from the source to the person.

:health outcome (changes in body function or health) after the hazard has affected the person.

66
Q

The amount and ________ depends on the _____ of hazard and the effect it can have on different people. eg age , immune system

A

response

type

67
Q

to prevent a hazard four things must be known

A

source of hazard
type of hazard
patheay
and respons

68
Q

case study:
Industrial wastes containing mercury (a toxic chemical) is produced by a factory and flows into a river. People downstream of the point of wash clothes, bathe in and catch fish from the river. Over time people in the area started presenting with complaints of numbness, tingling, hearing loss, visual problem, and unsteady walking. How would you describe the hazard exposure?

A

source: industial waste (industry)
type: chmical
pathway: river
response: sickness

69
Q

steps to manage enviornmental hazards include;

A
  1. . Establish the context and identify the hazard:
  2. Hazard/risk analysis and evaluation:
  3. Communicate and consult:
  4. Treat the hazard/risk:
  5. Monitoring and reviewing:
  6. Record keeping:
70
Q

Hazards

A

things that endanger human health or life, can also be harmful to our environment

71
Q

pollution

A

is the introduction of contaminants into an environment causing harm, instability or disorder to the ecosystem.

the presence of a substance in
a medium or environment that results in a change to its ‘natural’ state, potentially causing an adverse effect

72
Q

includes all the living organisms (plants, animals, microorganisms) and their physical environment and the interactions between them.

A

ecosystem

73
Q

is a minor substance, material or agent that is unwanted in the environment and may or may not be harmful

A

contaminant

74
Q

contaminant which, due to its properties or amount or concentration, causes harm.

A

pollutant

75
Q

potential examples of air and water pollution are;

A

Gases (carbon monoxide, ozone, nitrogen dioxides),
chemical vapours,
dust particles,
fumes and
liquid chemicals (pesticides, solvents, drugs, acids, etc.)

76
Q

pollution can be

A

man made or natural
Examples
natural sources of pollution -volcanoes which give out ash and dust into the atmosphere and metals such as arsenic which are naturally present in some rocks and soils.

Man-made pollutants can come from industrial, domestic (home), transport and agricultural sources.

77
Q

mention the 6 different categories of pollution?

A 
air pollution
water pollution
soil pollution
radio active pollution
noise pollution
thermal pollution
78
Q

what are different ways nature has inhereted the capacity to a self cleaning process?

A

dilution of chmicales in water
oxygenation
sedimentation
biodegradation

79
Q

what are different ways nature has inhereted the capacity to a self cleaning process?

A

dilution of chmicales in water
oxygenation
sedimentation
biodegradation

80
Q

water pollution

A

Water can be polluted by the release inorganic and organic material such as liquid waste (human, animal or industrial) into rivers, streams and lakes.

81
Q

Some pollutants can be extremely harmful even if they are taken in small quantities and may cause cancer, reproductive health effects (abortion, embryo malformation, birth defects) or nerve damage when the contaminated water is consumed.
thus scenario fall under what type of pollution and environmental health hazard.

A

water pollution and chemical health hazards.

82
Q

safe WASH stands for

A

water, sanitation and hygiene

83
Q

safe WASH are:

A
  1. a prerequisite to health,
  2. contribute to livelihoods, school attendance and dignity
  3. help to create resilient communities living in healthy environments
84
Q

Inadequate or unsafe WASH may cause disease through various interrelated transmission pathways,
Such as:

A
  1. ingestion of water that is contaminated with faeces or chemicals
  2. inadequate personal hygiene which may be linked to lack of water
  3. contact with pathogen-containing water
  4. proximity to water bodies where disease vectors proliferate.
85
Q

As of 2020, ___% of the worldwide population lack safely managed drinking-water services.

Approximately _____million people still collect drinking-water directly from _____ water.

_________ drinking-water is estimated to cause ________ diarrhoeal deaths each year, in addition to ______ and many other diseases.

A

26%
144 milliion, surface
contaminated, 485000 , malutrition

86
Q

which is the most widely used method for disinfecting water supplies.

A

Chlorination

87
Q

A safely managed drinking-water service is defined as being:

A

accessible on premises, available when needed and free from contamination.

88
Q

recreational health well-being and benefits of water are:

A

physical activity, relaxation, cultural and religious use.

88
Q 
treatments that substantially reduce the total number of viable microorganisms in the water can control transmission of diseases such as:
a. cholera
b.  typhoid and paratyphiod fevers
c. salmonellosis, 
d. shigellosis 
e. asmthma 
f COPD
A

a. cholera
b. typhoid and paratyphiod fevers
c. salmonellosis,
d. shigellosis

90
Q

recreational water use can pose risks to health through:

A

exposure to microbial and chemical pollution as well as physical risk such as drowning and injury.

91
Q

water disinfection goal is to

A

eliminate pathogens that are responsible for waterborne diseases.

91
Q

explain the difference between a hazard, a contaminant and a pollutant

A

hazard is anything that harms our health.
A contaminant is something
introduced to the environment (air and water) that may or may not pose a significant health risk.
And a pollutant is a contaminant introduced into the
environment that adversely affects animal and human life

93
Q

how can the chlorination method be attributed?

A

method can be attributed to its convenience and to its highly satisfactory performance as a disinfectant

94
Q

what are some factors for the desinfection of water to be considered at the time of human consumptions?

A
  1. its efficacy against waterborne pathogens (bacteria, viruses, protozoa, and helminths)
  2. the accuracy with which the process can be monitored and controlled;
  3. its ability to produce a residual that provides an added measure of protection against possible posttreatment contamination resulting from faults in the distribution system;
  4. the aesthetic quality of the treated water;
  5. the availability of the technology for the adoption of the method on the scale that is required for public water supplies.
  6. Economic factors
95
Q

what are two main approches to pollution management?

A

pollution prevention
and
pollution control

96
Q

how does the BWS remove salt from sea water?

A

through a high pressure membrane filtration process called reverse osmosis.

97
Q

mention the different steps taken at BWS double run plant for water treatment.

A
  1. raw water intake
  2. caogulation, flocculation and sedimentation “flash mix”
  3. slow mix
  4. clarification (sedimentation)
  5. flintration
  6. chlorine disinfection
  7. distribution
98
Q

in bws chlorine treatment requires adequate contact time of about _____ in order to effectively kill bacteria and other pathogens from the water.

A

30 mins

99
Q

the double run water treatment plant has a production capacity of _________ per day

A

7 million gallons

100
Q

at the end of filtration process in the double run plant water is clear, and all harmful bacteria and pathogens microorganisms have been removed.
true or false and why

A

false, becasue disinfection os required.

101
Q

in the belize water treatement process, asfter the water has passed through the last baffle, it is fed into the “ clarifier” to begin the “clarification process”. what is the purpose of the clarifier?

A

to remove any aditional organic material that escaped sedimentation

102
Q

At the double run water treatment plant, disinfection is done by using?

A

calcium hypochloriate (chlorine)

103
Q

the different layers of filtration material includes?

A

stone, gravel, sand and anthracite

104
Q

where does the water treatment process for belize water service distribution system start?

A

belize river

105
Q

during the step in the water treatment process, the water is allowed to settle, the heavy particles (floc) settle to the bottom and clear water is taken of the top and carried to filters. what os this process called?

A

sedimentation

106
Q

at a double run treatment plant, how often do plant operators take turbidty reading, to monitor the raw water quality.

A

hourly

107
Q

the coagulating agent used in belize water treatment process is?

A

aluminium sulphate.

health and hygiene ecology exam (3 decks)

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