Hygiene 1 PQs Flashcards
Effect of zearalonone in female pigs at low toxin concentration
a. Does not affect ovarian function
b. A polycystic ovarian lesions develops
c. A persistent corpus luteum forms
d. Normal ovarian function but in the endometrium necrosis, degeneration, hyperplasia develops in the vaginal epithelial cells. A functional asynchronous develops
d. Normal ovarian function but in the endometrium necrosis, degeneration, hyperplasia develops in the vaginal epithelial cells. A functional asynchronous develops
Effect of zearalonone in female pigs at high toxin concentration
a. Most of the oocytes die, follicular teat cysts are formed, pronounced oestrus symptoms are observed, the length of the cycle is irregular
b. Persistent corpus luteum and endometrial hypertrophy develop
c. Ovarian necrosis develops
d. uterine muscles atrophy
a. Most of the oocytes die, follicular teat cysts are formed, pronounced oestrus symptoms are observed, the length of the cycle is irregular
Effects of zearalonone on pigs
a. Oestrogen mimetic
b. Spasmolytic
c. Uterotonic
d. Immunostimulant
a. Oestrogen mimetic
What affects the effect of zearalonone in farm animals?
a. Susceptibility of animal species
b. Duration of the toxin effect and age of animal
c. Amount of toxin taken up by the animal
d. Susceptibility of the species, amount of toxin intake, duration of toxin exposure and the age of the animal
d. Susceptibility of the species, amount of toxin intake, duration of toxin exposure and the age of the animal
Heat stress
a. When the animal’s internal body temperature exceeds the reference value for the species
b. When the ambient temperatures exceeds the TNZ
c. When the animal can’t get rid of excess heat
d. When the animal pants
b. When the ambient temperatures exceeds the TNZ
What is the current upper limit of THI in dairy cows?
a. THI 78
b. THI 68
c. THI 72
d. THI 82
b. THI 68
Why is the THI’s current limit lower for modern, high production cows than in previous
decades?
a. Today the breeding of cows has resulted in much higher production than it was a few decades ago. This is accompanied by a much more intensive metabolism which has resulted in significantly higher internal heat production, which means that the animals suffer from thermal temperatures even at lower ambient temperatures i.e. they have lower heat tolerance
b. It can be explained by global warming: as the weather gets warmer, animals suffer more from heat
c. A much more precise measurement of THI’s components is possible than previously so the limit has been revised
d. THI is more accurate in this way, better predicting the expected loss of production
a. Today the breeding of cows has resulted in much higher production than it was a few decades ago. This is accompanied by a much more intensive metabolism which has resulted in significantly higher internal heat production, which means that the animals suffer from thermal temperatures even at lower ambient temperatures i.e. they have lower heat tolerance
Determination of mycotoxins
a. Mycotoxins are metabolic products of hat mushrooms
b. They are metabolic products of moulds
c. They are secondary metabolites of microscopic fungi
d. They are metabolic products of spore-producing microbes
c. They are secondary metabolites of microscopic fungi
How should you organise quarantine?
a. The tools can be used anywhere on the farm but after the quarantine animals are visited they must be washed with water
b. The quarantine area must be marked
c. The new animals must be separated from the rest of the herd
d. The quarantine lasts a minimum of 2-3 days
c. The new animals must be separated from the rest of the herd
Skylights should be installed if the barn is wider than
a. 5 m
b. 20 m
c. 8 m
d. 12 m
d. 12 m
What are the conditions for fungal toxin production
a. Duration, sunlight
b. Weather, favourable soil
c. Mouldy fodder
d. Medium, water, oxygen, temperature
d. Medium, water, oxygen, temperature
What are the store house moulds?
a. Aspergillus and Fusarium species
b. Penicillium and Alternatia species
c. Aspergillus and Penicillium species
d. Aspergillus and Stachybotris species
c. Aspergillus and Penicillium species
What are the plough land moulds?
a. Fusarium, Aspergillus, Penicillium species
b. Fusarium, Alternatia, Stachybotris
c. Stachybotris, Penicillium, Fusarium
d. Aspergillus, Alternatia, Fusarium
b. Fusarium, Alternatia, Stachybotris
What are the characteristics of store house moulds?
a. High water activity
b. Low temperature demand
c. High relative humidity and high temperature
d. Low water activity, low relative humidity
d. Low water activity, low relative humidity
In which waste category do the animals suspected of being infected with TSE belong to?
a. Category 1
b. Category 2
c. Category 3
d. It is not dangerous material, no special treatment is needed
a. Category 1
In which waste category does manure belong to?
a. Category 1
b. Category 2
c. Category 3
d. It is not dangerous material, no special treatment is needed
b. Category 2
In which waste category do the catering waste from means of transport operating internationally belong to?
a. Category 1
b. Category 2
c. Category 3
d. It is not dangerous material, no special treatment is needed
a. Category 1
In which waste category does raw milk belong to?
a. Category 1
b. Category 2
c. Category 3
d. It is not dangerous material, no special treatment is needed
c. Category 3
What is homeothermia?
a. Homeothermia is when there is no hyperthermia or hypothermia i.e. internal heat conditions are optimal for biological processes
b. Homeothermia is when the temperature is the same both on the surface of the body and in the body cavity and this is ideal for biochemical processes in the body
c. Homeothermia is when the internal temperature of the body does not change for a long time
d. Homeothermia is when the internal temperature is 37 degrees celsius constantly
a. Homeothermia is when there is no hyperthermia or hypothermia i.e. internal heat conditions are optimal for biological processes
What are the most important functional elements of the thermoregulation system?
a. The centre is located in the thalamus and the heat receptors are located in peripherals farther from the body centre
b. The centre is located in the hypothalamus, the heat receptors are scattered in the outer cover near the body surface and in the body cavity, the heat conservation or loss system is controlled based on the temperature gradients measure by the two above mentioned receptor types
c. The centre is in the brain, due to its overriding role, thermal regulation is primarily determined by the temperature of the blood in brain vessels, information about peripheral receptors affects internal body temperature only in few special situation so their role is secondary
d. The centre is located in the cerebellum and the peripheral heat receptors are located in the oral or nasal cavity and regulate the operation of the centre
b. The centre is located in the hypothalamus, the heat receptors are scattered in the outer cover near the body surface and in the body cavity, the heat conservation or loss system is controlled based on the temperature gradients measure by the two above mentioned receptor types
What are the stages of the body reaction for ambient temperature change in terms of animal regulation?
a. Hypothermia - homeothermia - thermoneutral zone - hyperthermia
b. Rapid cooling phase - cold phase - comfort phase - hot phase - rapid overheating phase
c. Cold stress - comfort zone - heat stress
d. Hypothermia - survival zone - heat stress
a. Hypothermia - homeothermia - thermoneutral zone - hyperthermia
Why is cCH4 emission reduction important?
a. It is extremely toxic to farm animals and humans. It is also known as “knock out” gas, as reaching a critical concentration causes immediate and irreversible loss of consciousness and death
b. It poses a significant environmental risk to humanity as it is a greenhouse gas
c. It commonly causes social conflict between farmers and urban citizens due to the odour
d. The human mankind loses a lot of energy through methane emission
b. It poses a significant environmental risk to humanity as it is a greenhouse gas
How can we effectively reduce the CH4 emissions in livestock farming?
a. By radically reducing the number of ruminant farm animals
b. Using balanced feed rations and feed additives that have a positive effect on the ruminal flora
c. By minimising the carbohydrate intake of animals
d. Using alternative to carbon-based feed components
b. Using balanced feed rations and feed additives that have a positive effect on the ruminal flora
What are the most important components of stench in the vicinity of livestock buildings?
a. The most common stinkers are short-chain carbon and volatile organic acids, mercaptans, asesters, carbonyls, aldehydes, alcohols, ammonia, mono-,di- and tri-methylamine, xylene, toluene, p-resole
b. The chemical composition of the stench cannot be defined accurately but it is mainly caused by metabolites produced by microorganisms that break down manure
c. The most important chemical components of the stench are H2s and CH4
d. Nitrogen
a. The most common stinkers are short-chain carbon and volatile organic acids, mercaptans, asesters, carbonyls, aldehydes, alcohols, ammonia, mono-,di- and tri-methylamine, xylene, toluene, p-resole
Which statement is true?
a. The subject “Animal Hygiene” systematise the preventive veterinary measures (Preventative Veterinary Medicine)
b. The main scope of the subject “Animal Hygiene” is to summarise the knowledge of cleaning and disinfection in veterinary practice
c. Focuses on therapy of the herd level diseases of farm animals
d. Systemises the hygienic aspects of the therapy of infectious diseases of farm animals
a. The subject “Animal Hygiene” systematise the preventive veterinary measures (Preventative Veterinary Medicine)
The main goal of body condition scoring of dairy cows is to monitor the:
a. Protein supply
b. Long term energy balance
c. The energy density of the daily ration of the high producing cows
d. To estimate the prevalence of relevant disorders of the digestive tract
b. Long term energy balance
What is the target body condition score for a Holstein Friesian cow at the time of
calving?
a. 2.5-3.5
b. 2.5-3.0
c. 3.5-4.0
d. 3.0-3.5
d. 3.0-3.5
- What is the maximum of the acceptable BCS loss of dairy cows at the first part of lactation?
a. 2
b. 1
c. 0.5
d. 44201
b. 1
In what unit are airborne particles most often expressed?
a. In ppm
b. In ppb
c. In particulate matter (PM 2.5, PM 10)
d. In g/m3
c. In particulate matter (PM 2.5, PM 10)
What factors reduce the harmful effects of mycotoxins in ruminants?
a. Increasing the rate of ruminal passage
b. Rumen acidosis
c. Decrease in the number of protozoa and rumen bacteria
d. Optimal ruminal fluid pH, normal rumen flora, normal passage
d. Optimal ruminal fluid pH, normal rumen flora, normal passage
What are the two large groups of ventilation systems in livestock buildings?
a. Fast and slow ventilation
b. Constant and partial ventilation
c. Natural (passive) and artificial (active) ventilation
d. Ducted or infreced ventilation
c. Natural (passive) and artificial (active) ventilation
Which statement is true?
a. By injecting fresh air, the survival rate of bacteria can be significantly reduced and therefore the environmental germ load
b. Fresh air can improve the air quality of the stable by reducing the concentration of harmful gases but it is also a significant source of infection due to the continuous live germ load from the environment
c. Fresh air inlet is recommended only during summer
d. Fresh air must be released to such an extent that the air movement in the livestock building is constantly > 3.5 m/s
b. Fresh air can improve the air quality of the stable by reducing the concentration of harmful gases but it is also a significant source of infection due to the continuous live germ load from the environment
You detect faecal score 1 or 2 in a barn of dairy cows frequently. What nutritional factor should NOT be taken into account in the background?
a. Structural fibres in excess in the daily ration
b. Starch in excess in the daily ration
c. Protein in excess in the daily ration
d. Na in excess in the daily ration
a. Structural fibres in excess in the daily ration
What is the target faecal score fo r dry dairy cows and heifers?
a. 1
b. 2
c. 3
d. 4
d. 4
What is the target faecal score for high producing dairy cows?
a. 1
b. 2
c. 3
d. 4
c. 3
What is NOT part of the possible biological reactions to stress?
a. Behaviour
b. Neuroendocrine
c. Hormonal
d. Neurologic
c. hormonal/humoral
NOT part of the resistance phase of the GAS?
a. Large amount of glucocorticoids are produced in the adrenal cortex
b. Due to the strong gluconeogenetic processes, there is hyperglycaemia
c. Intensive insulin secretion
d. Body meets most of its energy demands from fat burning
c. Intensive insulin secretion
What symptom is NOT part of the chronic stress?
a. Anorexia, weight loss
b. Osteoporosis
c. High blood sugar
d. Increased heart rate
d. Increased heart rate
What is the microclimate?
a. A well-defined space, the climatic factors of which are specific, may even differ from the surrounding environment (special habitats, artificial objects, such as stables etc…)
b. Microclimate is a combination of microbiological and environmental factors surrounding the animal
c. A well-defined space with known climatic and microbiological factors may differ significantly from the parameters of the wider environment
d. Climatic environments measured on the body surface of animals or in their immediate vicinity within 1 m
a. A well-defined space, the climatic factors of which are specific, may even differ from the surrounding environment (special habitats, artificial objects, such as stables etc…)
From a thermoregulation point of view, what are the two large groups in the animal
kingdom?
a. Poikilotherm and homeotherm
b. Isotherm and mesotherm
c. Hyperterm and hypterm
d. Continental and tropical
a. Poikilotherm and homeotherm
Which word fits the ending: the sedimentation of airborne particles and their
penetration within the respiratory tract largely depends on…?
a. Size and shape of particles
b. Water content of particles
c. Water vapour content of air
d. Electrostatic charge of particles
a. Size and shape of particles
The rumen fill score indicates the
feed fibre content and the ruminal degradability
speed of the ruminal passage
DMI and speed
DMI and intensity of flow
Which word fits the statement: in the air, the separation of different sized and fractioned
particles, or within the body the adhesion greatly depends on…?
Particle size
Water content of particles
Water content of air
Particles electrostatic charge
Particle size
Into which two large groups can we divide the ventilation systems animal keeping buildings?
Fast and slow ventilation
Constant and partial ventilation
Natural (passive) and artificial (active) ventilation
Air duct or blown ventilation
Natural (passive) and artificial (active) ventilation
What is the desired faecal consistency in heifers and
dry cows
4
What is the target value of the rumen score during
peak lactation
3
What is the feed composition disorder in a dairy barn
that has high number of figures and faecal consistency
High mechanical content
High starch content
High protein content
The effect of zearalenone in domestic animals
-Sensitivity of the animal
-Duration of toxin exposure and age of the animal
-The amount of toxin taken up by the animal
-Suceptibility of the animal species, the amount
ingested, the duration of the toxin and the age of the animal
-Suceptibility of the animal species, the amount
ingested, the duration of the toxin and the age of the animal
Body condition scoring in calving in intensive dairy
cows
3-3.5
you detect faecal score 1 or 2 in a barn of dairy cows frequently. what nutritional factor should NOT be taken in account in the background?
a) structural fiber in excess in the daily ration
b) starch in excess in the daily ration
c) Na in excess in the daily ration
d) protein in excess in the daily ration
a) structural fiber in excess in the daily ration
the main goal of body condition scoring of dairy cow is to monitor the:
a) protein supply
b) long term energy balance
c) the energy density of the daily ration of the high producing dairy cow
d) to estimate prevalence of relevant disorders of the digestive tract (subacute ruminal acidosis, rumenitis, diarrhoea etc)
b) long term energy balance
what are the practical methods of cattle herd examination?
body condition scoring
rumen fill scoring
manure consistency scoring
locomotion scoring
metabolic tests
inheritance of the stressor gene for PSS is?
simple inheritance thread, defect of the RYR1 gene
so carriers of the recessive n gene are stressor sensitive
which breed has 100% frequency % of PSS?
belgian landrace
Ante-mortem changes in PSS due to stressors (porcine stress syndrome
Muscle tremor
facial muscle twitching
increased resp rate
redness, bleeding
elevated rectal temp
possible death within 15-20 min
the 4 responses of stress
- alarm reaction - cannon emergency response (fight/flight)
- development of increased resistance (activation of the hypothalmic-pituitary-adrenocortical system)
- the phase of exhaustion of the body (weakening)
- Adaptive diseases (e.g. gastric ulcer, hypertension)
Most significant glucocorticoids in the different species
Cortisol and corticosterone.
Rats, rabbits and birds: corticosterone predominance
Cattle and dogs: equal amount
Pigs, Humans: cortisol important
Rats, rabbits and birds: corticosterone predominance
zearalenone
Chemically zearalenone is the lactone of the resorcillic acid. It is mainly produced by fusariums:
clinical signs of acute alfatoxicosis?
anorexia
weariness
iliac red skin
ataxia
ophistntonus: posterior stretching of leg
greenhouse gases
CH4
CO2
N2O
SO2
(NH3)
NOT H2S
how would you describe a modern barn
a. lot of human labour required
b. technological systes cant be changed without the changing of the strucutral elements
c. usually framework based
d. small size
usually framework based
what is the ideal location to build a farm
a. hilltop
b. valley
c. fields sloping gently towards the south
d. fields sloping gently north
fields sloping gently towards the south
how should you control the visitors in a farm
a. they must enter through the black and white system changing rooms
b. no control is necessary
c. only the workers are allowed to enter
d. only the vehicle transport is dangerous. visitors can enter at any time
they must enter through the black and white system changing rooms
in case of disinfection with heat, which statement is correct
a. the effectiveness doesnt depend on the length of heat treatment
b. wet heat is more effect than dry heat treatment
c. dry heat is more effective than wet
d. the vegetative form of bacteria has high resistance
wet heat is more effect than dry heat treatment
how should you install the basin for wheel disinfection at the farms gate
a. it should be deep enough to cover the whole wheel
b. it should be long enough to park the whole vehicle in
c. it must be used only in case of epidemic
d. sodium hypochlorite can be used as a disinfectant
sodium hypochlorite can be used as a disinfectant
in case of disinfection of barns, which is the first step
a. soaking - wet cleaning
b. dry cleaning
c. washing with high pressure washing systems
d. gas disinfection
dry cleaning
thermal sense indexes are actually simpole mathematical models. what are they expressing to us
a. health status of the animal, its natural resistance to environemtnal extremes
b. the expected reactions of teh animal to changes in teh heat environment actually is means the expected heat tolerance of the animals
c. the values of the lower critical temp, the upper critical temp and the optimal temp
d. the temp at which the animal gets sick due to heat
the expected reactions of teh animal to changes in teh heat environment actually is means the expected heat tolerance of the animals
why do we used hot wire anemometers
in closed livestock buildings, the air velocity is so low that we cant accurately measure it with a windwheel anemometer, but with thermal wire equipment we can. additionally they are very accurate not sensitive for wind direction
what is typical of H2S
water soluble
heavier than air
typical locations = drains, underground drains, slurry, storage tanks
whatair speed should be provided in dairy cow barns in summer
2.5m/s
what variables can be automatically monitored to detect the onset of calving with systems currently available
by observing changes in intravaginal temp, tail movement, posture
what are the effects of fumonisin toxins in pigs
the so - called fattening or specific pulmonary oedema
methods for protection against mycotoxins
prevention of infection in vegetation, disinfection, decontamination during storage, reduction of harmful effects using feed additives
what term was introduced by walter bradford cannon
fight or flight
what kind of facilities should be placed in the line of the fence
milking parlour
which farm animal produces the highest amount of methane
dairy cattle
control of mycotoxins with feed additives
a. use of adsorbents (zeolite, silicates), organic acids, biologically active substance (enzymes, yeasts)
b. treatment at harvest with organic acids e.g. formic, addition of organic sugars
c. addition of essential amino acids, increase starch content of feed
d. reduction of dry matter content of the feed depot, additon of enzymes
use of adsorbents (zeolite, silicates), organic acids, biologically active substance (enzymes, yeasts)
how would you describe iodophors
a. most effective above 40oc
b. they have a powerful cleaning effect
c. not inactivated by organic debris
d. ph optimum is above pH6
they have a powerful cleaning effect
what modifies the individual stress reaction
a. genetic determination
b. weather
c. nutrition
d. social rank
genetic determination
why is it dangerous in heat stress when the humidity in the air is high
a. because the ability of animals to loss heat is significantly reduced on the body surface and on the mucous membrane of the resp tract
b. because heat loss on the surface of the body is not possible
c. because in addition to the heat, there will be an epidemic of resp diseases
d. because it is only possible to operate ventilation systems with higher electricity consumption
because the ability of animals to loss heat is significantly reduced on the body surface and on the mucous membrane of the resp tract
mycotoxin regulation
a. toxic, depressive and tolerable mycotoxin concentrations
b. toxic, carefree, regressive mycotoxin conc
c. stimulating, sufficient and worried mycotoxin conc
d. adequate, depressant and stimulating mycotoxin conc
toxic, depressive and tolerable mycotoxin concentrations
what is the name of the heat index extensively used in cattle
a. head load index HLI
b. summer growth index
c, temperature humidity velocity index, THVI
d. resp rate index
head load index HLI
from an animal hygiene POV what are the most important groups of airpollutants
a. harmful gases and airborne particles
b. dust and aerosols
c. dust and bioaerosols
d. neutral or toxic gases
harmful gases and airborne particles
in case of disinfection with UV light, which statement is true
a. it is widely used in barns and stables
b. it penetrates deeply into solid materials
c. it cant be used to disinfect water
d. less effective if dust is present
less effective if dust is present
what is typical of bioaerosols
a. bioaerosols are small (.5-100) airbornes particles which may affect the functioning of living organisms
b. they are small size materials from live animals
c. they are actually aerosol particles that transport pathofens
d. they cannot be measured in the air, making it difficult to protect against them
bioaerosols are small (.5-100) airbornes particles which may affect the functioning of living organisms
what is teh target rumen fill score for high lactating dairy cows
a. 2
b. 3
c. 4
d. 3.5
3
what kind of continuous and automatic monitoring of bio-reaction can be used to effectively prevent outbreaks of diseases with complex resp syndrome in pigs
a. by automatically measuring the fever
b. by moitoring movement activity
c. by measruing weight gain
d. with automatic cough detection systems
with automatic cough detection systems
what is the level of the thermal adoptation when animals change their metabolic intensity
a. short term
b. medium term
c. long term
d. the highest level
medium term
which microslimatic factors can be controlled primarily by ventilation
a. most quality parameters, such as air humidity; temp or thermal chill in the animals, and not least the live germ content
b. among the quality parameters, the concentration of dust and the aerosol content
c. among the quality parameters, the concentration of foul smelling substances and polluting gases
d. among the quaality parameters, air live germ load
most quality parameters, such as air humidity; temp or thermal chill in the animals, and not least the live germ content
aspects of feedtesting contaminated with mycotoxins
a. qunatative usability
b. consideration of production and health risks
c. tolerable concentration from a production POV
d. consideration of food safety, production and animal health risks
consideration of food safety, production and animal health risks
what are the most practical tools for meauring air pollution in the environmental hygiene assessment of stables
a. dry, wet, electrostatic filters
b. settlings
c. impingers
d. electronic handheld devices form which date can be read directly from the display
electronic handheld devices form which date can be read directly from the display
what is perinatal estrogen syndrome
a. in piglets splayleg, in sows, early oestrus, good pregnancy can be observed
b. the proportion of born piglets increases but litters are scattered, the sows spawn 2 weeks after calving
c. the proportion of stillborn piglets increases, the litter population decreases, the litters are scattered, the sows give birth prematurely, in piglets splayleg, in the case of sows purulent discharge is observed
d. the proportion of born piglets is increasing, the litters are balanced, in piglets spayleg, in case of purulent discharge is observed
the proportion of stillborn piglets increases, the litter population decreases, the litters are scattered, the sows give birth prematurely, in piglets splayleg, in the case of sows purulent discharge is observed
what levels are set when adapting animals to the heat environment
a. short-term (immediate) - medium term (metabolic) long term (morphologic)
b. slow - fast
c. phenotypic - genotypic
d. weakly, well, and highly adaptable
short-term (immediate) - medium term (metabolic) long term (morphologic)
category 1 materials
all body parts
animals suspects of TSE infection (mad cow)
products of animal origin containing residues of environmental contaminants
all animal material collected when treating waste water
catering wastr
category 2 materials
aborted embryos
manure, digestive system content
materials from slaughterhouse
drug residues
