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geogrsfis > hydrosphere test > Flashcards

hydrosphere test Flashcards

1
Q
  1. What percentage of Earth’s surface is covered by water, and what are the proportions of saltwater and freshwater?
A

-70 percent of Earth is water
-97,47 p -salt water
-2,53p-fresh water

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2
Q

Precipitation(zrážka)

A

any form of water falling from the atmosphere to the ground

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3
Q

Condensation-

A

the process of changing from gas to liquid

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4
Q

Evaporation

A

-the transformation from liquid to gas as it moves from ground/water into the atmosphere

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5
Q

Transpiration-

A

the release of water vapour from the plants into the atmosphere

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6
Q

Evapotranspiration

A

-evaporation and transpiration

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7
Q

What is the significance of the World Ocean, and how does it connect all oceans and seas?

A
  • The World Ocean is significant because it’s the largest continuous body of saltwater on Earth.
    -It connects the Pacific, Atlantic, Indian, Southern and Arctic oceans
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8
Q

Highlight some intriguing facts about the oceans, including the largest ocean, the deepest known area, and the percentage of oxygen produced

A
  • Largest ocean-Pacific ocean(30 p of the surface)
  • Deepest area-Mariana Trench (11km deep)
  • 70 p of oxygen is produced by oceans
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9
Q
  1. How can seas be classified based on their position, and what are examples of each type?
A
  • Nearly closed -Mediterrian Sea,Baltic Sea
  • Partly enclosed–The North Sea,Sea of Okhostle)
  • Archipelago seas-South China Sea,Sulu sea
  • Hypersaline lakes-the Dead sea , the Caspian Sea
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10
Q

What distinguishes hypersaline lakes from other types of seas, and what are some examples?

A

-Were part of prehistoric oceans or seas but now they have a blocked access to the larger bodies of water
- They are completely surrounded by land
-The Caspian Sea ,The Dead Sea

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11
Q
  1. How much of the world’s oceans have we explored, and what implications does this have for our understanding of marine environments?
A
  • We have discovered only 5 percent of world´s oceans
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12
Q

o Temperature

A

-depends on the depth(the lower areas the lower temp.)
-also can be influenced by location-the highest temp. Indian Ocean

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13
Q

o Salinity

A

-also depends on location/environment(lower around equator-heavy rainfalls ,higher around hot ,dry climate)

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14
Q

o Colour of water

A

-depends on many factors(temperature of the water ,the distance from the land ,the environment ,material concentrated in the water)

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15
Q
  1. Describe the temperature variations within ocean water, including average temperatures, extremes, and factors affecting temperature distribution.
A

 Avg:4 degree Celsius
 Bottom of deepest areas: 2 degree Celsius
 The highest temp -Indian Ocean

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16
Q
  1. Define salinity in seawater and explain how it is measured. Provide examples of regions with high and low salinity.
A

-Salinity-what amount of mineral(salts) 1kg of sea water contains
-Measured in parts per thousand grams-per promile
-High salinity-hot,dry,climate(evaporation
-Low sainity-around equator-heavy rainfalls

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17
Q

Discuss the factors influencing the color of seawater and how they contribute to variations in its appearance.

A

In general, basic water colour is blue, Some water can have shades of green, brown, white-grey
It depends on the distance from land, the depth of water, its temperature, the environment it is in, kind
of material concentrated in

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18
Q

What are ocean currents, and how do they contribute to the movement of seawater? Discuss the factors driving ocean currents and provide examples of warm and cold currents.

A

 Ocean currents-constant moving system of deep ocean-circulation driven by temperature ,salinity ,wind
o Warm-formed at the Equator and flow toward colder areas-The Gulf Stream ,the Kuroslio Current
o Cold- from higher latitudes towards the Equator( reverse direction)-the Humbolt Current, the West Wind Drift

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19
Q
  1. Explain the significance of the Gulf Stream, including its origin, path, and effects on weather patterns and coastal temperatures
A
  • A warm ocean current that flows from the Gulf(Mexico) along the eastern coast of north America before crossing the Atlantic ocean toward western Europe
  • Influences weather patterns and helps moderate temperature in coastal areas it passes
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20
Q

How are tides, waves, and ocean currents interconnected in influencing the movement of ocean water?

A

o Tides are caused by the moon and sun, waves by wind, and currents by various factors like winds and temperature differences. They interact to shape how water moves in the ocean.

21
Q

Define groundwater and soil water, and discuss their significance in the context of land water distribution

A

o Groundwater-fills the spaces between particles of soil ,sand and rocks
o Soilwater-water held in the soil layers near the surface
-Both groundwater and soil water are crucial for land water distribution. They play vital roles in supplying water to plants, replenishing surface water sources such as rivers and lake

22
Q
  1. Differentiate between drained zones and endorheic zones, providing examples of each.
A

 Drained-can be drained-lake with outflows- The Mississippi River Basin, The Amazon River Basin
 Endorheic- water does not flow from the drainage basin- The Dead Sea Basin, The Caspian Sea basin

23
Q

Explain the concept of a drainage basin and its role in collecting and draining precipitation.

A

 Area of land where precipitation collects and drains off in common outlet(into a river or other body of water)

24
Q

hydrological regimes of rivers

A

 Equatorial-the same amount of water the whole year
 Seasonal-large discharge in summer ,minimal in winter
 Oceanic-influenced by ocean(Thames)
 Rainy-maximum discharge in the end of winter
 Mountain-maximum discharge in April/May
 Snowy lowland rivers of E.Europe

25
Q
  1. What are lakes
A

Lake-natural depression filled with water which is surrounded by land

26
Q

Tectonic lakes

A

-formed by tectonic processes(uplifting of a mountain range ,depression crust, areas of a rift…)
-Balaton ,Baikal

27
Q

Glacial lakes

A

-created by advancing glaciers that made a depression and those were filled with fresh water
-Štrbské ,Popradské pleso

28
Q

Volcanic lakes

A

-situated in craters by volcanic eruptions
Lake Victoria ,Crater Lake

29
Q

Landslide

A

-created by a mass of land sliding down and blocking a river
-Morské oko

30
Q

Explore the purpose and functions of artificial water reservoirs, including dams and ponds.

A

o Water reservois:Water supply,Irrigation,recreation
o Dams: structure built across a stream,water supply
o Ponds:great for fishing,recreation

31
Q

Define glaciers and their significance as a source of freshwater.

A

 Glacier-large mass of ice often shaped like a river that flows very slowly because of gravity
 Most important source of fresh water

32
Q

Differentiate between mountain (Alpine) glaciers and continental glaciers, providing examples of each.

A
  • Mountain glaciers-located above the snow line-Himalayas ,Alps,Rocky Mts.
  • Continental
    -more than Mountain g.,Antarctica,Greenland
33
Q

Define artesian water.

A

-Groundwater that naturally flows to the surface under pressure

34
Q
  1. What are hot springs
A

 Hot springs-hydrothermal or geothermal spring produced by the emergency of geothermally heated ground water onto the surface of the Earth

35
Q

What is thermal water?

A

 Thermal water-higher than 25 degree Celsius

36
Q

U-shaped valleys

A

-U-shaped valleys - As glaciers flow downhill, they make deep, broad valleys with steep sides and flat
bottoms

37
Q

Fjords

A
  • long, narrow, deep inlets of seawater that are surrounded by steep cliffs or mountains.
38
Q

hanging valley

A
  • smaller valleys that intersect with larger U-shaped valleys
39
Q

Compare and contrast warm ocean currents with cold ocean currents in terms of their
formation, direction, and impact on climate.

A

-Warm ocean currents – formed at the Equator and flow towards colder areas
warms entire continents, helps create and sustain global climate conditions.
-Cold ocean currents – from higher latitudes towards the Equator
they cool the air above them, absorb the heat

40
Q

What role does temperature, play in driving ocean currents, and how do
these currents impact marine ecosystems and climate?

A

temperature – drives the ocean currents because temperature differences between water masses.
Regions with colder water tend to sink, warmer surface waters flow towards polar regions to replace the
sinking water
—Marine Ecosystems: transports nutrients, plankton, and other organisms
-Climate Regulation: help regulate Earth's climate

41
Q

What role does salinity play in driving ocean currents?

A

salinity - Areas with higher salinity tend to have denser water, which can sink. Areas with lower salinity
have less dense water which moves towards areas of higher salinity.

42
Q

What role does wind play in driving ocean currents?

A

wind - wind sets the water in motion. Winds blowing a consistent direction over a large area generate
surface currents.

43
Q

What are the primary forms of surface water, and how do they contribute to the hydrological
cycle?

A

Oceans, seas, rivers, streams, ponds, glaciers, moors
interact with each other and with the atmosphere to drive the hydrological cycle

44
Q

Continental shelf

A

Continental shelf - an area closest to land and up to 200 m below the water

45
Q

Continental slope

A
  • begins at the outer edges of the continental shelf, considerably steep area
46
Q

Continental rise

A

– part which continues gently downward, it is covered by a mud and sand

47
Q

Abbysal plains

A
  • huge areas of the ocean floor at a depth of 4000 m or more – very flat
48
Q

ocean ridges,trenches

A

Ocean ridges - undersea mountains
Ocean trenches - the deepest parts of the ocean floor

49
Q
  1. Describe the hydrological cycle on Earth, and how does it maintain a closed system?
A

It is a continuous movement of water between the sea, the atmosphere and the land
Closed system – no water lost or gained

geogrsfis (4 decks)

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