Hydrosphere

Question 1

Worldwide distribution of water

Rivers -

Answer 1

mi^3
0.33
% of total
0.0001

Question 2

Atmospheric moisture

Answer 2

mi^3
3.3
% of total
0.0001

Question 3

Soil moisture & vadose zone

Answer 3

mi^3
16.3
% of total
0.0005

Question 4

Saline lakes and Inland Seas

Answer 4

mi^3
26.0
% of total
0.0008

Question 5

Freshwater lakes

Answer 5

Mi^3
30.0
%of total
0.0009

Question 6

Groundwater

Answer 6

mi^3
2,075
% of total
1.80

Question 7

Ice caps and Glaciers

Answer 7

mi^3
317,850
% of total
97.55

Question 8

Oceans

Answer 8

mi^3
326,000
% of total
100

Question 9

Steams

Answer 9

is a body of flowing water regradless of size

Question 10

Rivers

Answer 10

are large streams

Question 11

Gradient and Slope

Answer 11

is where water flows downhill under the force of gavity

Question 12

Gradient

Answer 12

the steepness of the vertical drop in the steam of channel (ft/mile)

Question 13

Cross-sectional area

Answer 13

the cross sectional are of flow - (width x depth) ft^2

Question 14

Shape

Answer 14

the geometry of the path the steam follows is it straight of curved

Question 15

Channel Roughness

Answer 15

a measure of the irregularity of the steams bottom ( manning’s roughness coefficient

Question 16

discharge

Answer 16

the instantaneous volume of water per unit time passing a point in space in the steam ( ft^3/s)

Question 17

Drainage Basin

Answer 17

is the geographic area that contributes water to a steam. it is defined by topography the surface water divide. it is importment to know the drainage basin for a steam

Question 18

Hydrograph

Answer 18

a graph that shows stream discharge over time.

Question 19

sinuosity

Answer 19

a measure of the path taken by the stream channel

Question 20

Sinuosity ratio vaule

Answer 20

the distance measured along the steam channel betweentwo points divide by the straight line distance the same two points.

Question 21

Meanders

Answer 21

low gradient streams flow across the land in a series of curves, twist and turns. example lake oxbow

Question 22

point bars and cut banks

Answer 22

as the water flows into a meander, the force of the mvoing is directed to the outside bank which is recoded and sediment tends to deposit along the inside bank forming a struture

Question 23

Braided streams

Answer 23

streams that cannot carry all he sediment dumped into them form braided channels. channels are choked with sediment and the water a new channel. this repeated process can form complex multiple channels that dead end and go nowhere

Question 24

streams deposition

Answer 24

streams deposit thier sediment load when they no longer enough energy to carry the sediment. that usually happens when the velocity of the water decreases. Velocity will decrease if the channel area increases of the gradient becomes flatter or the discharge decreases.

Question 25

detas

Answer 25

are shaped are triangle are commonly swampy and the main stream channel split into numerous additional channel called distributaries- flatland landform

Question 26

natural levee

Answer 26

is a deposit that parallels the stream and slopes away from it. tend to be sand to silt sized and somewhat chaotic

Question 27

overbank deposits

Answer 27

are an alluvial deposits consisting of sediment thaths been deposited on the floodplain of a stream by flood waters that have broken through or overtopped the bank

Question 28

floods

Answer 28

is technically defined as event when that water leaves the stream channel and flows across the land adjacent to the streams.

Question 29

flood stage

Answer 29

the elevation at which the stream leaves its channel and flowa across the adjacent flood plain.

Question 30

Flood plain

Answer 30

the low, flat land adjacent to a stream that is shaped and formed by the stream during floods.

Question 31

recurrence interval

Answer 31

100 year flood statistcally occurs once every 100 years

Question 32

100 year flood plain

Answer 32

the portion of the flood plain inundated by the 100 year flood

Question 33

artifcial levees

Answer 33

these are built to increase the elevation of the stream bank and prevent the water from leaving the channel.

Question 34

relief channel

Answer 34

these can be natural or artificial and function to provide additional channel area during high stage events to carry floodwaters and prevent the water from overtopping the bank.

Question 35

dams

Answer 35

create impoundments that can be regulated to provide storage and alleviate high flow events

Question 36

droughts

Answer 36

natural cycle can be problem when they lst long enought to deplete shallow soil moisture and stress vegetation or significantly decrease the availabilty surface water.

Question 37

lakes

Answer 37

basically a hole in the ground that fills ith water.

most of them are temporary.

Question 38

wetland

Answer 38

unique interaction of the hydrosphere and biosphere. areas that are flooded. function as kidneys of the surface water system. water moves slow.

Question 39

ground water

Answer 39

below the surface of the land in void spaces in the sediments or rocks.

Question 40

porosity

Answer 40

refers to the void space that is present sediments and many rocks

Question 41

aquifer

Answer 41

geologic layers that is capable of supplyng water to a well

Question 42

unconfined aquifer

Answer 42

water table aquifer is directly connected to atmospheric pressure via pore spaces.

Question 43

confined aquifer

Answer 43

are under pressure and are insulated from the atmospheric pressure by layers of overlying geologic materials such as bedrock.

Question 44

recharge

Answer 44

aquifers receive water from precipition that infiltrates the ground