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Physical Geography > Hydrosphere > Flashcards

Hydrosphere Flashcards

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1
Q

How old is the hydrosphere

A

3.8 to 4 billion years

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2
Q

How much percentage is water against land

A

29% land to 71% water

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3
Q

What makes up our water

A

97% is in our oceans, 2% is in glaciers, 0.5% is held as groundwater and 0.5% is in rivers, lakes, and biologics

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4
Q

Where is our water

A

99% of water is locked up in Ocean and Glacial Storage and 1% of water is in constant movement through the Water Cycle

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5
Q

What is an ocean

A

The body of salt water that covers nearly 71% of Earth’s surface, and the large bodies of water that the world ocean is divided into (by basins)

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6
Q

Largest to Smallest Oceans

A

Pacific Ocean, Atlantic Ocean, Indian Ocean, Southern Ocean and the Arctic Ocean (PAISA)

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7
Q

Properties of Oceans

A

Composition, Salinity, Temperature, Density and Water Pressure

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8
Q

How to understand ocean differences

A

Due to differences in the properties of our oceans, we can identify distinct bodies of water

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9
Q

What is the ocean composed of

A

Ocean water is mainly composed of many different dissolved minerals that become salts

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10
Q

How does the salt get in the water?

A

As rivers flow, they break down and dissolve (erosion) minerals (salts) that are then carried to the ocean.

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11
Q

How much percentage for each element that makes up the salt in the saltwater

A

Chloride-55%, Sodium-31%, Magnesium-7.7%, Sulfur-3.7%, Calcium- 1.2%, Other-1.4%

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12
Q

What is upwelling

A

Winds blowing across the ocean surface push water away. Water then rises up from beneath the surface to replace the water that was pushed away

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13
Q

What is the Intertidal Zone

A

Closest to shore. At high tide is covered with water. At low tide, it is exposed to air

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14
Q

What is the Neritic Zone

A

Lies over the continental shelf, Water is not very deep. Nutrients are plentiful and so is light.

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15
Q

What is the Oceanic Zone

A

Open ocean out past continental shelf. Water may be very deep. Nutrients are scarce

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16
Q

What is Salinity

A

Measure of the amount of salt in a liquid

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17
Q

Where would High Salinity be in

A

Hot and dry places

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18
Q

Where would Low Salinity be in

A

Places with a lot of rain

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19
Q

What nutrients & mineral variability are in our Oceans

A

New water tends to be full of nutrients from the sea floor
This phenomenon happens most often along coastlines, creating nutrient rich waters close to shore
Creates a natural variability in the water

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20
Q

What are the zones based on distance

A

Intertidal Zone, Neritic zone and Oceanic Zone

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21
Q

What are the zones based on depth

A

Photic Zone and Aphotic Zone

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22
Q

What is the Photic zone

A

top 200 meters of water. This zone has enough sunlight for photosynthesis

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23
Q

What is the Aphotic zone

A

water below 200 meters. Not enough sunlight for photosynthesis.

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24
Q

What Elements can be found in the world’s oceans

A

Carbon, bromide, boron, strontium and fluoride can all be found in the ocean

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25
Q

Water density increases as

A

Salinity increases, Temperature decreases and Pressure increases

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26
Q

What is Temperature Variability

A

The temperature of the ocean varies from place to place and from season to season

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27
Q

What are the properties of water change with temperature

A

Cold water is denser than warm water, so it sinks
Cold water holds more dissolvable gases, such as carbon dioxide
Water temperature can affect the productivity of organisms living in it
Water expands when it warms up because heat energy makes its molecules move around more quickly and take up more space

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28
Q

What is the water pressure & depth

A

At sea level air pressure presses down on our bodies at 14.7 pounds per square inch
We don’t feel this pressure because the fluids in our bodies are pushing outward with the same force
Under water, you feel the pressure of the water above you pressing down on you
For every 33 feet (10.06 meters) of depth, the pressure increases by 1 atmosphere

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29
Q

What kind of weather does El Nino bring to SE Asia

A

A drought

30
Q

Ocean layers by available sunlight

A

Sunlight, Twilight and Midnight

31
Q

Ocean layers by available sunlight temperature

A

Surface, Thermocline and Deep Ocean

32
Q

What is the Sunlight Zone

A

This is also called the “Epipelagic Zone”
Mixed Latin and Greek root words! (Epi = Greek for “on top of” & pelagic = based on Latin for “sea”
This zone is considered to extend to depths of about 200m (660ft)
Warmed by the heat of the Sun (temperatures ranges from as high as 104° to about 27 ° F, or 40- -3 ° C)
Depth and temperature varies by how clear the water is! Clearer = deeper sunlight zone & warmer)

33
Q

What is the Twilight Zone

A

This zone is also called the “Disphotic Zone”
From Greek for “poorly lit”
Also called the “mesopelagic zone”
Because there is very little, if any, sunlight
The depth range of this zone is ~200m-1,000m (660-3,300ft)
Due to the rapid loss of sunlight, there is a quick change in water temperature (drops from about 41⁰F (5⁰C) to 39⁰ (4⁰C) and colder!

34
Q

What is the Midnight Zone

A

This includes both the bathypelagic & abyssopelagic zones
The bathypelagic extends to 2000m (start varies by the clearness of the water)
The abyssopelagic extends from 2000m to the ocean floor
Depth range is from 1,000 to the ocean floor (as deep as 10,971m below sea level [Challenger Deep in the Mariana Trench] as measured by the US Center for Coastal & Ocean Mapping)
Temperature continues to decline with depth (to about 0⁰-3⁰) – very near to freezing

35
Q

What is the Surface zone temperature

A

Warmed by the heat of the sun

36
Q

What is the Thermocline temperature

A

Quick change in water temperature due to differences in density of warm and cold water.

37
Q

What is the Deep zone temperature

A

Temperature continues to slowly decline as you get deeper
This cold water is denser & holds more dissolved gases

38
Q

How does Water Pressure function

A

Functions like atmospheric pressure.

39
Q

What are Currents

A

streamlike movements of water flowing through the world’s oceans

40
Q

What are Surface Currents

A

Horizontal currents that occur at or near the ocean’s surface

41
Q

What are Surface Currents created from

A

Global wind patterns, The rotation of the Earth and The shape of the ocean basins

42
Q

How are Global Wind Belts created

A

created when more solar energy strikes the Equator than the polar regions

43
Q

What is the shape of the Ocean Basins

A

Surface currents move across the ocean until they run into land at the edge of the ocean basin
The current will then turn right in the Northern Hemisphere and left in the Southern Hemisphere
The different direction in each hemisphere is due to the Coriolis Effect

44
Q

What are Gyres

A

5 loops located on Earth’s oceans created by surface ocean currents

45
Q

What is the Antarctic Circumpolar Current

A

The Antarctic Circumpolar Current flows around Antarctica
It is the only current that flows nonstop around the globe

46
Q

What are Deep Currents

A

Flow deep below the surface of the ocean
Caused by differences in water density at the top and bottom
More dense water takes up less space and sinks
Less dense water rises

47
Q

What is Downwelling

A

ocean water that sinks due to higher density

48
Q

What is the Thermohaline Circulation

A

Deep-ocean currents are driven by differences in the water’s density, which is controlled by temperature (thermos) and salinity (haline)

49
Q

What does the Gulf Stream do

A

Warms northern latitudes of Europe significantly compared to other areas

50
Q

What are Longshore Current

A

Formed when waves approach the shore at an off angle in the direction of prevailing local wind

51
Q

What are Rip Currents

A

A strong surface current that returns to the ocean from the shore

52
Q

What are waves

A

Ocean waves transfer energy from wind to the water

53
Q

Trough

A

minimum height, or low point, of a wave

54
Q

Crest

A

maximum upward height of a wave

55
Q

Wavelength

A

the distance between crests or troughs

56
Q

Wave height

A

the measured height difference between a crest and a trough

57
Q

What is the Breaker Zone

A

As waves approach the shore, the ocean floor causes the bottom of the wave to slow down.
Because the top of the wave is then moving faster, it “falls” over creating a breaker.

58
Q

What are Tides

A

Daily changes in the level of ocean water caused by the moon and the sun

59
Q

What is a Spring Tide

A

Occur during the new moon and full moon. Sun and moon and earth are aligned.
Largest tidal range. Highest high tides and lowest low tides

60
Q

What is a Neap Tide

A

Occur during the first and third quarters of the moon. Sun and Moon are at a right angle.
Very small tidal range, not much change occurs.

61
Q

What is a Storm Surge

A

Storm surge causes damage during large storms like hurricanes
Storm surge is caused when low pressure in a storm pulls water upward
Water piles up at a shoreline as storm winds push waves into the coast
Storm surge can raise sea level as much as 25 ft (7.5 m)

62
Q

What is a Tidal range

A

difference between low and high tide

63
Q

What types of Ocean Pollution are there

A

Marine pollution, Pollutant, Runoff, Chemical and Trash

64
Q

What is Marine pollution

A

pollutants in the ocean, usually chemicals or trash

65
Q

What is a Pollutant

A

chemical or other substance that harms a natural resource

66
Q

What is a Runoff

A

overflow of fluid from a farm or industrial factory

67
Q

Where are Oceans most polluted

A

At the coast (Coastal Pollution)

68
Q

Where is the Open Water Pollution

A

About 20% of ocean pollution comes from ships
Trash, fishing lines and nets may be thrown overboard
Garbage patches form as trash is caught up in gyres
Much of the trash in these patches is small, possibly microscopic
Because the trash is difficult to see the true size of these garbage patches is difficult to judge

69
Q

What is the Abyssal Zone

A

Bottom of the ocean, depths of up to 6,000 m
Very salty and cold
11,000 pounds of pressure/sq. inch
Many animals that live here are bioluminescent like angler fish
Animals may have large jaws so they can drag their open mouths along the seafloor to find food

70
Q

What’s the Hadal Zone

A

Deepest ocean zone, found in trenches and canyons
Tiny isopods and invertebrates like sponges and sea cucumbers
Animals depend on marine detritus
Hydrothermal vents can add superheated water and minerals to the water
The minerals feed bacteria which feeds crabs, clams, and tube worms

Physical Geography (3 decks)

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