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Geohazard (Finals) > Hydrometeorologic Hazards > Flashcards

Hydrometeorologic Hazards Flashcards

1
Q

It is a synoptic-scale cyclone developing
over tropical and sub-tropical waters at any level with organized
circulation.

A

Tropical Cyclone

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2
Q

Tropical cyclones are refered in North Atlantic, Eastern North Pacific, and South Pacific as?

A

hurricanes

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3
Q

Tropical cyclones are refered in Bay of Bengal, Arabian Sea, Western South Indian Ocean as?

A

cyclonic

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4
Q

Tropical cyclones are refered in Eastern Southern Indian Ocean as?

A

willy-willy

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5
Q

Tropical cyclones are refered in Western North Pacific Ocean as?

A

typhoons

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6
Q

Tropical cyclone characteristics:

A

• Warm-core low-pressure systems.
• Spiral inflow at the bottom level and spiral outflow at the top level.
• Form over oceans with sea surface temperatures > 26°C.

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7
Q

Tropical cyclones derived its energy from the massive release of latent heat during _______________.

A

condensation

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8
Q

Tropical cyclones form over oceans worldwide except in?

A

South Atlantic
Ocean and southeastern Pacific

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9
Q

Tropical cyclones typically develop at latitudes greater than what degree from the
equator?

A

5°

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10
Q

True or False: Tropical cyclones tend to reach its maximum intensity over cold tropical waters while
begin to weaken when moving inland.

A

False: warm tropical waters

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11
Q

Cold air mass above tropical
thunderstorms creates instability
known as a ______________. Increased instability leads to convection and strong
updrafts.

A

tropical wave

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12
Q

A tropical disturbance forms when cluster of thunderstorms persists for ____ hours or longer.
The initial stage in the development of a hurricane.

A

24

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13
Q

When cyclonic circulation forms around the central low pressure area, and winds reach _____________, it becomes a tropical storm with a name.

A

62 km/hr (39 mi/hr)

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14
Q

At wind speeds of 119 km/hr (74 mi/hr), it becomes a ___________

A

hurricane

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15
Q

True or False: All tropical waves, disturbances, or storms will evolve into hurricanes

A

False: not all

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16
Q

Several environmental conditions must first be in place to form a tropical cyclone. Give atleast three.

A
  1. Warm ocean waters (of at least 26.5°C [80°F]) throughout
    about the upper 50 m of the tropical ocean must be present;
  2. The atmosphere must cool fast enough with height;
  3. The mid-troposphere (5 km [3 mi] altitude), must contain enough moisture to sustain the thunderstorms;
  4. The disturbance must occur at a minimum distance of at least
    500 km from the equator.
  5. There must be a pre-existing near-surface disturbance that
    shows convergence of moist air and is beginning to rotate.
  6. There must be low values (less than about 10 m/s [20 mph])
    of vertical wind shear between the surface and the upper
    troposphere.
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17
Q

Coriolis force effect:
In the Northern Hemisphere, it causes storms to turn to the _______.
In the Southern Hemisphere, it causes storms to turn to the _______.

A

right
left

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18
Q
  1. Atlantic Ocean: Approximately ____ of all tropical cyclones.
  2. Eastern Pacific Ocean: ____ of all tropical cyclones.
  3. Western Pacific Ocean: ____ of all tropical cyclones.
  4. Indian Ocean (north and south of the equator): ____ of all tropical cyclones.
  5. Southern Pacific Ocean: ____ of all tropical cyclones.
A

1.) 12%
2.) 15%
3.) 30%
4.) 24%
5.) 12%

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19
Q

“__________” hurricanes often form near the coast of Africa.

A

Cape Verde

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20
Q

In the case of Atlantic Ocean setting, tropical cyclones rarely develop south of the Equator, although an occurrence was noted off the coast of Brazil in ___________.

A

March 2004

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21
Q

• Converging winds spiral (inward?, outward?) toward the central low pressure area.
• Converging winds spiral (upward?, downward?) toward the central core

A

inward
upward

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22
Q

• In the northern hemisphere, winds rotate ______________.
• In the southern hemisphere, winds rotate ______________.

A

counterclockwise
clockwise

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23
Q

How does storm form spiral rain bands? (Nganu naa jud kusog nga ulan kung naay bagyo?) 🤔

A

As the winds spiral inward toward the central low pressure area, they draw in thunderclouds around the storm.

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24
Q

Explain briefly the process how a storm gains energy.

A

Warm, moist air is lifted as the winds ascend, as these air is cooling it will release latent heat, adding energy to the storm

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25
Q

Winds spiraling around the core create the ___ of the tropical cyclone.

A

eye

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26
Q

If the storm moves over land, it will (lose?, gain?) heat source and will rapidly (weaken?, strengthen?)

A

lose, weaken

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27
Q
  1. The wind velocity near the eye is
    termed the ____________ velocity.
  2. The eye’s central low pressure moves
    across the Earth’s surface, known as the
    ____________ velocity.
  3. Calculating total wind velocity requires considering both “answer sa 1 ug 2”.
A
  1. hurricane-wind
  2. storm center
  3. both hurricane-wind velocity and storm center velocity
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28
Q

If the hurricane is moving north with a storm center velocity of 30 km/hr and
a hurricane-wind velocity of 150 km/hr:
1. Calculate the total wind velocity of the storm’s right side.
2. Calculate the total wind velocity of the storm’s left side.

Note: Depending on the side of the hurricane, calculatung total wind velocity can either use addition or subtraction.

A
  1. 180 km/hr. On the right side of the storm, where both velocities are to the north, the velocities add (30 + 150).
  2. 120 km/hr. On the left side of the storm, where
    the storm is moving opposite to the winds (southward), the velocities subtract (150 - 30).

Thus, winds are consistently
stronger on the right side of a
moving hurricane IN THE NORTHERN HEMISPHERE. (Note:
The opposite is true in the
southern hemisphere due to
the clockwise wind circulation,
making winds stronger on the
left side of the storm.)

29
Q

Each item, fill in the blanks the Tropical Cyclone name and the extent (distance or radius) of the winds from the center respectively.
1. The largest recorded tropical cyclone, Typhoon ___, had gale force winds extending up to ________ from the center in the Northwest Pacific in 1979.
2. Hurricane ________ in 2005 was a large hurricane with tropical storm force winds extending about _____ from the eye.
3. The smallest recorded, Cyclone ______, had gale force winds extending only in _____ radius when it struck
Darwin, Australia, in 1974.

A
  1. Tip, 1100 km
  2. Katrina, 320 km
  3. Tracy, 50 km
30
Q

True or False: There is often little correlation between hurricane intensity (measured by maximum sustained winds or central pressure) and size.

A

True: Hurricane Andrew is an example of a very intense but small tropical cyclone with a central pressure of 922 mb and sustained winds of 230 km/hr at landfall in Florida, but gale force winds extending only about 150 km (radius) from the center.

31
Q

It measures the intensity of a hurricane based on sustained wind speed.
Follow up question: It classifies hurricanes into how many categories based on wind speeds and potential damage.

A

Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Damage Potential Scale (5 categories)

32
Q

Based on PAGASA’s Modified Tropical Cyclone Warning System, what are the wind speed (km/h) of these Tropical Cyclone categories:
1. Tropical Depression
2. Tropical Storm
3. Severe Tropical Storm
4. Typhoon
5. Super Typhoon

A
  1. Tropical Depression = 61or less
  2. Tropical Storm = 62-88
  3. Severe Tropical Storm = 89-117
  4. Typhoon = 118-184
  5. Super Typhoon = 185 or higher
33
Q

Typhoon _________, also known as ________, was the most devastating tropical cyclone ever recorded. It struck the Philippines in __________________ and had estimated wind speed of __________ at its peak intensity.

A

Haiyan, Yolanda, November 2013, 315 km/h

34
Q

The extent of damage caused by storms is directly related to?

A

storm’s intensity
duration (storm-centervelocity)
approach angle to the land
the coastal population density

35
Q

Monitoring of of cyclones and tropical disturbances is conducted through:

A

• Ships at sea transmit weather reports
• Acquisition of images from weather satellites
• Use of dropsondes carried by observation airplanes
• Use of satellite images and radar data from land based stations

36
Q

Near the equator, hurricanes are pushed by
(easterly?, westerly?) trade winds with relatively low storm center velocities (8 to 32 km/hr).
As they move northward, velocities generally
increase to over ________ due to interactions with
other air masses.

A

easterly
50 km/hr

37
Q

This storm’s track would produce extensive damage along the coastline
closest to the storm, with bands of lesser damage extending inland.

A

Coast-parallel Hurricane Track

38
Q

Such a storm’s track would produce
extreme damage all along the right-hand
side of its track, with bands of decreasing
damage occurring both to the left and
right of the track.

A

Coast-normal Hurricane Track

39
Q

These models can predict storm surge levels along the U.S. coast based on wind data and storm characteristics, and these models have been relatively accurate.

A

National Weather Service models

40
Q

Environmental factors, such as the influence of ___ air, can cause rapid changes in intensity of the storm (wind speed) just before landfall.

A

dry

41
Q

As of 2002, the average error for 24-hour hurricane track forecasts is about ______, 48-hour forecasts have an error of about ______, and 72-hour forecasts have an error of about _______.

A

80 miles, 110 miles, 230 miles

42
Q

Name other exceptional Hydrometeorological Hazards.

A

• Storm Surges
• Thunderstorms
• Hail
• Lightning
• Tornadoes
• El Niño and La Niña
• Drought and Famine

43
Q

How does storm surge form or occur?

A

Strong winds push ocean water toward shallow coastal areas, causing sea level to rise.
Wind speed is the primary factor influencing the height of the storm surge.

44
Q

Let’s say we have a moving storm in the Northern Hemisphere, as it approaches a coast it generates storm surge, what side of the moving storm experiences the strongest winds that consequently produces a higher storm surge?

A

The right side of a moving storm (in the Northern Hemisphere) typically experiences the strongest winds and, consequently, a higher storm surge

45
Q

True or False: A coast that’s in its high tide cycle experiences higher storm surge as high tides can amplify the height of an approaching storm surge.

A

True

46
Q

__________________ occur when
warm, moist air becomes less
dense than the surrounding air
due to heating.

A

Thunderstorms

47
Q

It is a rain of semi-spherical,
concentrically layered ice balls
that are dropped from some
thunderstorms.

A

Hail

48
Q

What are the conditions to form hail during a
thunderstorm?

A

• Large thunderstorms with high
cloud tops
• Upper level cold air with a
large temperature contrast
• Strong updrafts to keep
hailstones suspended

49
Q

Where does a hail occured in the Philippines with stones the size of marbles?

A

Burgos, Rizal

50
Q

It is a sudden and powerful electrical discharge in the atmosphere, typically accompanied by a bright flash of light and a loud crackling sound (thunder). These occurs due to
the discharge of electrical energy within a thunderstorm or other atmospheric
conditions.

A

Lightning

51
Q

The rapid expansion of the heated air creates shockwaves, leading to the loud sound called _________. It is the the sound we hear produced by the shockwaves created by lightning. Since light travels faster than sound, we see the lightning flash before hearing this.

A

Thunder

52
Q

What are the places to avoid during lightning? Give atleast 3.

A

• Open fields
• High grounds
• Trees (if you are in a place full of trees, avoid the tall ones)
• Near water bodies
• Near metallic objects like fences

53
Q

What are the various types of lightning that each occurs within different parts of a thunderstorm.

A

cloud-toground (CG)
cloud-to-cloud (CC)
intra-cloud (IC)

54
Q

These are funnel shaped clouds that are associated with
thunderstorms

A

Tornadoes

55
Q

Lightning is a common and natural occurrence, with an estimated __________ lightning strikes happening around the world each day

A

8 million

56
Q

Tornadoes have wind velocities higher than hurricanes
(up to _________) but affect a much smaller area than
hurricanes

A

500 km/hr

57
Q

Over ___% of the tornadoes that occur on Earth occur in
the great plains of the United States. Between 1916 and
1990 tornadoes caused 11,900 deaths in the United
States, an average of 159 deaths per year.

A

70%

58
Q

The intensity of a tornado is classified by the ______
tornado intensity scale. How many categories does it have?

A

Fujita, 6 (F0 to F5)

59
Q

True or False: Tornadoes will
always remain in contact with the ground during its lifespan.

A

False: Tornadoes do not
always remain in contact with the ground for extended periods but may skip across the surface as the
thunderstorm moves. This intermittent contact with the ground is known as tornado cycling.

60
Q

It is a climate phenomenon that occurs in the tropical Pacific Ocean and can have significant impacts on weather and climate patterns around the world.

A

El Niño

61
Q

It is the opposite phase of ENSO and is characterized by cooler-than-average sea surface temperatures in the central and eastern equatorial Pacific. It often has contrasting impacts on
weather patterns compared to El Niño.

A

La Niña

62
Q

It is characterized by the periodic warming of sea surface temperatures in the central and eastern equatorial Pacific Ocean. It
typically occurs irregularly every 2 to 7 years and can last for several months.

A

El Niño

63
Q

El Niño and La Niña is part of a broader ___________________________ system.

A

El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO)

64
Q

The name “El Niño” means “_____________” or “______________” in Spanish and was originally used by Peruvian fishermen to describe the warm ocean currents that often appear around Christmas.

A

The Little Boy, Christ Child

65
Q

El Niño can lead to a wide range of climate-related impacts, give atleast 3.

A

• INCREASED RAINFALL AND FLOODING in some regions, such as the western coast of South America.
• DROUGHTS AND REDUCED RAINFALL in other regions, like Australia, Indonesia, and parts of Africa.
• ALTERED STORM TRACKS, which can result in more frequent and intense storms in some areas.
• WARMER AND DRIER CONDITIONS in some parts of North America.
• DISRUPTION OF MARINE ECOSYSTEMS, including the migration of marine species and coral bleaching.
• IMPACTS ON AGRICULTURE, WATER RESOURCES, AND FOOD SECURITY WORLDWIDE.

66
Q

It is a prolonged period of abnormally low rainfall or water
availability in a specific region, leading to water scarcity and often
resulting in adverse effects on the environment, agriculture, and
human livelihoods

A

Drought

67
Q

It is a severe and prolonged shortage of food in a specific geographic area, leading to widespread hunger and malnutrition,
which can result in illness, death, and a humanitarian crisis.

A

Famine

68
Q

Differentiate briefly El Niño and Global Warming.

A

In summary, El Niño is a short-term, natural climate variation, while global warming is a long-term trend associated with human-induced changes in the Earth’s climate system..

Geohazard (Finals) (3 decks)

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