Hydrology Objectives Flashcards
Science which deals with the occurrence, distribution, and disposal of water on the planet earth
Hydrology
study the process of hydrological cycle, which occurs in atmosphere like evaporation, precipitation and condensation and in ground like surface runoff, rainfall, infiltration along with their interactions. (Atmosphere + earth)
Hydrometeorology
Study of solid earth
Geology
study of groundwater – it is sometimes referred to as geohydrology or groundwater hydrology.
Hydrogeology
It is a vertical and horizontal movement of water as either vapor, liquid, or solid between the earth’s surface, subsurface, atmosphere, and oceans
Water cycle, water transfer cycle or hydrologic cycle
Lateral movement of water in the soil
Seepage
Vertical movement of water in the soil
Percolation
Entry of water into soil surface
Infiltration
Water flowing towards lake, river, oceans as surface or subsurface
Runoff
amount of water in a reservoir divided by either the rate of addition of water to the reservoir(inflow) or the rate of loss from it(outflow).
Residence time or retention time
measure of how long a substance or material remains in a particular system or environment.
Residence time or retention time
What is the Residence time of atmospheric water in the phases of water cycle
9 days
What is the Residence time of biological water(plants )in the phases of water cycle
1 week
What is the Residence time of rivers and steams in the phases of water cycle
2-6months
What is the Residence time of ocean in the phases of water cycle
3200 years
What is the Residence time of ground water in the phases of water cycle
Up to 10,000 years
In which phase in the hydrologic cycle has the highest residence time of water.
A. Antarctic ice
B. Groundwater:deep
C. Glaciers
D. Ocean
E. Atmospheric water
B. Groundwater:deep
Percentage of water in the world that is saline is about
97%
Percentage of Earth covered by oceans
71%
An area that topographically appears to contribute all the water that passes through specified cross section of a stream (the outlet).
A. Watershed
B. Catchment area
C. Drainage basin
D. River basin
E. All of the above
E. All of the above
- “watershed”, “catchment area”, “drainage basin”, and “river basin” all refer to the same concept - the area of land that contributes water to a specific point or outlet of a stream or river.
The boundary line along topographic ridges that separates two adjacent watershed
Watershed divide or watershed boundary
These are stream that flows into a larger stream or other body of water
Tributaries
- first order streams
- smallest streams at the outer limits of a watershed
Head water
Single point or location at which all surface drainage from a basin comes together or concentrates as outflow from the basin in the stream channel
Outlet
Portion of the precipitation that makes way towards stream channels, lakes, oceans as surface or subsurface
Runoff
Baseflow is also called as
Groundwater flow
It provides the relationship between stream stage and discharge
Rating curve
Height of water level in a stream
Stage
Graphical representation of runoff rate over time
Hydrograph
Graph of 1 unit direct runoff vs. time
Unit hydrograph
It is the time from the beginning of the rising limb to the occurrence of the peak discharge
Time to peak
It is the time required for water to travel from the most hydraulically remote point in the basin to the basin outlet.
Time of concentration
It is the time between the center of mass of the effective rainfall hyetograph and the center of mass of the direct runoff hydrograph
Lag time
It is the duration of the direct runoff hydrograph
Time base
Effective rainfall is also known as
Excess rainfall
Amount of rainfall that becomes the direct runoff at the watershed outlet
Excess rainfall or effective rainfall
Result of the total or gross rainfall after losses(infiltration and absorb by the soil and rainfall stored in depressions) are deducted
Excess rainfall or effective rainfall
Hydrograph was made of
Overland flow, interflow, and baseflow
Direct runoff hydrograph from a unit excess precipitation that occurs uniformly over a basin
Unit hydrograph
A chart or function describing the temporal distribution of precipitation during a storm event, at a point or over an area
Hyetograph
The science and practice of water flow measurement
Hydrometry
Measurement of the elevation and depth of features of the earth’s surface
Hypsometry
Control structures in canals or streams
Weirs
The following is not a direct stream flow determination technique
A. Dilution method
B. Ultrasonic method
C. Area-velocity method
D. Slope-area method
E. None of the above
D. Slope area method
Direct runoff is composed of
Surface runoff
Prompt interflow
Channel precipitation
The term base flow denotes
A. Delayed groundwater flow reaching a stream
B. Delayed groundwater flow and snowmelt reaching a stream
C. Delayed groundwater and interflow
E. None of the above
A. Delayed groundwater flow reaching a stream
A stream that carries water a considerable portion of the time, but that ceases to flow occasionally or seasonally because bed seepage and evapotranspiration exceed the available water supply
Intermittent stream
A stream channel that carries water only during and immediately after periods of rainfall or snowmelt
Ephemeral stream
A stream that contains water at all times except during extreme drought
Perennial stream
An intermittent stream
A. Has water table above the stream bed through out the year
B. Has only flash flows in response to storms
C. Has flows in the stream during wet season due to contribution of groundwater
D. Does not have any contribution of groundwater at any time
E. None of the above
C. Has flows in the stream during wet season due to contribution of groundwater
In a watershed,
A. Faster peak flows occur in flat watershed than in steep watershed
B. Faster time to peak flows occur in an elongated watershed than circular watershed
C. Longer time to peak flows occur in watershed with dense drainage than in less dense drainage
D. Larger watershed produces larger runoff than smaller watershed
E. Storm moving towards upstream produces larger streamflow and shorter time to peak than storm moving towards downstream
D. Larger watershed produces larger runoff than smaller watershed
In the hydrological cycle the average residence time
of water in the global
a. Atmospheric moisture is larger than that in
global rivers
b. Oceans is smaller than that of the global
groundwater
c. Rivers is larger than that of the global
groundwater
d. Oceans is larger than that of the global ground
water
b. Oceans is smaller than that of the global
groundwater
A graduated scale placed in a position so that
the stage of a stream may be read directly
therefrom.
a. Staff gauge
b. Current meter
c. Wire-weight gauge
d. Measuring stick
e. None of the above
a. Staff gauge
Unit hydrograph is made of
Direct runoff only
For a given storm, assuming other factors remain
constant
a. Basin having low drainage density give smaller peaks in flood hydrograph
b. Basin with large drainage densities give smaller
flood peaks
c. Low drainage density basins give shorter time
bases of hydrograph
d. Flood peak is independent of the drainage density
e. Large drainage density basins produce longer time
bases of hydrograph
a. Basin having low drainage density give smaller peaks in flood hydrograph
A unit hydrograph has one unit of
Direct runoff
