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CE 3A Review > Hydrology Midterm Reviewer > Flashcards

Hydrology Midterm Reviewer Flashcards

1
Q

A multidisciplinary subject that deals with the occurrence, circulation storage, and distribution of surface and groundwater on the earth.

A

Hydrology

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2
Q

Hydrology deals with ______.

A
  1. Occurrence
  2. Circulation
  3. Storage
  4. Distribution
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3
Q

What are the four types of soil?

A
  1. Loam
  2. Clay
  3. Sandy
  4. Silt
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4
Q
  • well draining
  • holds moisture
A

Loam

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5
Q
  • gets waterlogged
  • holds nutrients
A

Clay

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6
Q
  • drains quickly
  • holds fewer nutrients
A

Sandy

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7
Q
  • easily compacted
  • fertile
A

Silt

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8
Q

Arrangement of the natural and artificial physical features of an area.

A

Topography

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9
Q

Study of landforms, their processes, form and sediments at the surface of the Earth.

A

Geomorphology

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10
Q

Science dealing with the atmosphere and its phenomena, including both weather and climate.

A

Meteorology

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11
Q

Science that deals with the earth’s physical structure and substance, its history, and the processes that act on it.

A

Geology

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12
Q

Science that deals with the physical and biological properties and phenomena of the sea.

A

Oceanography

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13
Q

Study of the relationships between living organisms, including humans, and their physical environment; it seeks to understand the vital connections between plants and animals and he world around them.

A

Ecology

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14
Q

Includes topics form traditional fluid mechanics, hydrodynamics, and water resources engineering.

A

Hydrology

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15
Q

Branch of Physics concerned with the mechanics of fluids and the forces on them.

A

Fluid Mechanics

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16
Q

Branch of physics that deals with the motion of fluids and the forces acting on solid bodies immersed in fluids and in motion relative to them.

A

Hydrodynamics

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17
Q

A specific kind of civil engineering that involves the design of new systems and equipment that help manage human water resources.

A

Water Resource Engineering

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18
Q

Prime requirement for the existence of life.

A

Water

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19
Q

_____ and _____ in the Middle East
had early water management practices.

A

Sumerians, Egyptians

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20
Q

Chinese ancient civilizations along the banks of _______.

A

Huang He

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21
Q

In 4,000 BC, a dam was built across the ______, and later a canal for fresh water was constructed between ______ and ______.

A

Nile, Cairo, Suez

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22
Q

In 3,000 BC, groundwater development through wells was known to the people of the ______.

A

Indus Valley Civilizations

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23
Q

The _______ were the first serious students of hydrology.

A

Greek Philosophers

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24
Q

Proposed the conversion of moist air into water deep inside mountains.

A

Aristotle

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25
Q

Suggested the idea of an underground sea as the source of all surface waters systems of Rome based on the cross-sectional area of flow.

A

Homer

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26
Q

______ constructed numerous aqueducts to serve large cities as well as small towns and industrial sites.

A

Romans

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27
Q

Romans had _____ aqueducts constructed over a period of 500 years.

A

11

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28
Q

A watercourse constructed to
carry water from a source to a distribution point far away. In modern engineering, the term aqueduct is used for any system of pipes, ditches, canals, tunnels, and other structures used for this purpose.

A

Aqueduct

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29
Q

Were first attempted in the water systems of Rome based on the cross-sectional area of flow.

A

Stream flow measurements

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30
Q

Discovered the relationship between Area, Velocity, and Flow Rate during the Italian Renaissance.

A

Leonardo da Vinci

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31
Q

First recorded measurement of rainfall and surface flow in the 17th Century.

A

Perrault

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32
Q

Used a small pan to estimate evaporation in the Mediterranean Sea and made several conclusions.

A

Halley

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33
Q

Gaged the velocity of flow in the Seine River in Paris.

A

Mariotte

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34
Q

Mariotte gaged the velocity of flow in the _____ in Paris.

A

Seine River

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35
Q

Principles involved in the history of Hydrology.

A
  • Bernoulli’s Theorem
  • Pitot Tube
  • Chezy’s Formula
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36
Q

During the ______, significant advances in groundwater hydrology and hydraulics occurred.

A

19th Century

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37
Q

Law for flow in porous media

A

Darcy’s Law

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38
Q

Developed capillary flow equation to describe flow in small channels.

A

Hagen–Poiseuille Equation

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39
Q

Developed to describe pipe flow around 1850s.

A

Darcy-Weisbach Equation

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40
Q

Periods in the history of Hydrology

A

SOMEMERT

  1. Period of Speculation – before AD 1400
  2. Period of Observation – 1400-1600
  3. Period of Measurement – 1600-1700
  4. Period of Experimentation – 1700-1800
  5. Period of Modernization – 1800-1900
  6. Period of Empiricism – 1900-1930
  7. Period of Rationalization – 1930-1950
  8. Period of Theorization – 1950 to present
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41
Q

Produced a significant step forward for the field of hydrology, as government agencies began to develop their own programs of hydrologic research.

A

Period of Rationalization

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42
Q

Sherman’s Unit Hydrograph

A

1932

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43
Q

Horton’s Infiltration Theory

A

1933

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44
Q

Theis’s Non-Equilibrium Equation

A

1935

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45
Q

Gumbel’s Extreme Value Distribution

A

1958

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46
Q

The major link between oceans and continents on the planet, facilitating the cycle of water movement on earth.

A

Atmosphere

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47
Q

Layers of the atmosphere

A
  • Troposphere
  • Stratosphere
  • Mesosphere
  • Ionosphere
  • Thermosphere
  • Exosphere
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48
Q

The lowest layer of our atmosphere.

A

Troposphere

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49
Q

We humans live in the _____, and nearly all weather occurs in this layer.

A

troposphere

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50
Q

Most clouds appear here, mainly because 99% of the water vapor in the atmosphere is found in this layer.

A

Troposphere

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51
Q

The infamous ozone layer is found within this layer.

A

Stratosphere

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52
Q

______ molecules in the stratosphere absorb high energy ultraviolet (UV) light from the Sun, converting the UV energy into heat.

A

Ozone

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53
Q

Commercial passenger jets fly in the
lower ________.

A

Stratosphere

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53
Q

Commercial passenger jets fly in the
lower ________.

A

Stratosphere

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54
Q

The coldest temperatures in Earth’s atmosphere, about _______, are found near the top
of the _______.

A

-90° C (-130° F), mesosphere

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55
Q

High-energy X-rays and UV radiation from the Sun are absorbed in the ______, raising its temperature to hundreds or at times thousands of degrees.

A

Thermosphere

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56
Q

Many _______ actually orbit Earth within the thermosphere.

A

satellites

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57
Q

The aurora, the Northern Lights and Southern Lights, occur in this layer.

A

Thermosphere

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58
Q

Outermost layer of the Earth’s atmosphere.

A

Expsphere

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59
Q

The theoretical top boundary of the exosphere is 190,00 km which is about _______.

A

halfway to the Moon

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60
Q

It is not a distinct layer like the other layers. Instead, it is a series of regions in parts of the mesosphere and thermosphere where high-energy radiation from the Sun has knocked electrons loose from their parent atoms and molecules.

A

Ionosphere

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61
Q

Is both a major catalyst and a balancing factor of atmospheric processes that create the weather in the lower atmosphere.

A

Water vapor content

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62
Q

Measures the weight of the air per unit area.

A

Atmospheric Pressure

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63
Q

Average air pressure at sea level is approximately ______.

A
  • 1 atmosphere
  • 1013 millibars (mb)
  • 14.7 psi
  • 760 mm-Hg
  • 29.97 in-Hg.
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64
Q

Ideal gas law

A

𝑃 = 𝜌𝑅𝑇

𝑃 - Pressure
𝜌 - Density
𝑇 - Absolute Temperature
𝑅 - Gas constant

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65
Q

Cold air masses are generally associated with the ______ atmospheric pressure.

A

higher

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66
Q

A measure of the amount of water vapor in the atmosphere and can be expressed in several ways.

A

Humidity

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67
Q

The mass of water vapor in a unit volume of air.

  • _H = mass of water vapor / volume of air
A

Absolute Humidity

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68
Q

The mass of the water vapor compared to the total mass of the air parcel.

  • _H = mass of water vapor / total mass of air
A

Specific Humidity

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69
Q

The mass of the water vapor compared to the total mass of the rest of the air parcel.

  • __ = mass of water vapor / mass of dry air
A

Water Mixing Ratio

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70
Q

Represents amount of water in air in percentage.

A

Relative Humidity

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71
Q

Ratio of the air’s actual water vapor content compared to the amount of water vapor at saturation for that temperature.

A

Relative humidity

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72
Q

The temperature to which a sample of air must be cooled to reach saturation is defined as the ______.

A

dew point temperature

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73
Q

Can accept no more vapor.

A

Saturated

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74
Q
  • You may be zapped by doorknobs and light switches.
  • A humidifier will help increase humidity
A

Too Dry (High Pressure)

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75
Q
  • Your hair may be frizzier than usual.
  • Air conditioning will help lower humidity.
A

Too Humid (Low Pressure)

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76
Q

It takes approximately ______ to convert 1 g of water to
vapor.

A

600 cal

77
Q

Heat is absorbed and no temperature change takes place.

A

Latent Heat

78
Q

Latent heat is also known as?

A

latent energy or heat of transformation

79
Q

Energy released or absorbed, by a body or a thermodynamic system, during a constant-temperature process — usually a first-order phase transition.

A

Latent Heat

80
Q

Measure of the amount of heat.

A

Calorie

81
Q

Land is heated more rapidly than the sea.

A

Insolation

82
Q

Air that descends because it is cool.

A

High-pressure system

83
Q

It spreads outward as it nears the ground.

A

High-pressure system

84
Q

Brings fair weather, no clouds and precipitation.

A

High-pressure system

85
Q

Warm air rises and draws inward toward the center of low pressure..

A

Low-pressure system

86
Q

Rising air expands and cools.

A

Low-pressure system

87
Q

It brings clouds and precipitation.

A

Low-pressure system

88
Q

Types of Clouds

A
  • Cumulus
  • Stratus
  • Stratocumulus
  • Altocumulus
  • Nimbostratus
  • Altostratus
  • Cirrus
  • Cirrocumulus
  • Cirrostratus
  • Cumulonimbus
89
Q

Are the clouds you learned to draw at an early age and that serve as the symbol of all clouds (much like the snowflake symbolizes winter).

A

Cumulus clouds

90
Q

Their tops are rounded, puffy, and a brilliant white when sunlit, while their bottoms are flat and relatively dark.

A

Cumulus clouds

91
Q

Hang low in the sky as a flat, featureless, uniform layer of grayish cloud.

A

Stratus clouds

92
Q

They resemble fog that hugs the horizon (instead of the ground).

A

Stratus clouds

93
Q

Are seen on dreary, overcast days and are associated with light mist or drizzle.

A

Stratus clouds

94
Q

These are low, puffy, grayish or whitish clouds that occur in patches with blue sky visible in between. When viewed from underneath, they have a dark, honeycomb appearance.

A

Stratocumulus clouds

95
Q

They form when there’s weak convection in the atmosphere.

A

Stratocumulus clouds

96
Q

The most common clouds in the middle atmosphere. You’ll recognize them as white or gray patches that dot the sky in large, rounded masses or clouds that are aligned in parallel bands.

A

Altocumulus clouds

97
Q

They look like the wool of sheep or scales of mackerel fish—hence their nicknames “sheep backs” and “mackerel skies.”

A

Altocumulus clouds

98
Q

They can signal thunderstorms to come later in the day. You may also see them out ahead of cold fronts, in which case they signal the onset of cooler temperatures.

A

Altocumulus clouds

99
Q

Are often spotted on warm and humid mornings, especially during summer.

A

Altocumulus clouds

100
Q

Cover the sky in a dark gray layer. They can extend from the low and middle layers of the atmosphere and are thick enough to blot out the sun.

A

Nimbostratus clouds

101
Q

Are the quintessential rain cloud. You’ll see them whenever steady rain or snow is falling (or is forecast to fall) over a widespread area.

A

Nimbostratus clouds

102
Q

Appear as gray or bluish-gray sheets of cloud that partially or totally cover the sky at mid-levels.

A

Altostratus clouds

103
Q

Even though they cover the sky, you can typically still see the sun as a dimly lit disk behind them, but not enough light shines through to cast shadows on the ground.

A

Altostratus clouds

104
Q

Tend to form ahead of a warm or occluded front. They can also occur together with cumulus at a cold front.

A

Altostratus clouds

105
Q

Like their name suggests (which is Latin for “curl of hair”), they are thin, white, wispy strands of clouds that streak across the sky.

A

Cirrus clouds

106
Q

They are made up of tiny ice crystals rather than water droplets.

A

Cirrus clouds

107
Q

NASA’s Earth data site quotes a proverb that sailors learned to warn them of coming rainy weather, “Mares’ tails (_____) and mackerel scales (______) make lofty ships to carry low sails.”

A

cirrus, altocumulus

108
Q

Are small, white patches of clouds often arranged in rows that live at high altitudes and are made of ice crystals.

A

Cirrocumulus clouds

109
Q

Called “cloudlets,” the individual cloud mounds of ________ are much smaller than that of altocumulus and stratocumulus and often look like grains.

A

Cirrocumulus clouds

110
Q

Are rare and relatively short-lived, but you’ll see them in winter or when it’s cold but fair.

A

Cirrocumulus clouds

111
Q

Are transparent, whitish clouds that veil or cover nearly the entire sky.

A

Cirrostratus clouds

112
Q

A dead giveaway to distinguishing it is to look for a “halo” (a ring or circle of light) around the sun or moon.

A

Cirrostratus clouds

113
Q

Indicate that a large amount of moisture is present in the upper atmosphere. They’re also generally associated with approaching warm fronts.

A

Cirrostratus clouds

114
Q

Are one of the few clouds that span the low, middle, and high layers.

A

Cumulonimbus clouds

115
Q

They resemble the cumulus clouds from which they grow, except they rise into towers with bulging upper portions that look like cauliflower.

A

Cumulonimbus clouds

116
Q

Their tops are usually always flattened in the shape of an anvil or plume. Their bottoms are often hazy and dark.

A

Cumulonimbus clouds

117
Q

Are thunderstorm clouds, so if you see one you can be sure there’s a nearby threat of severe weather (short but heavy periods of rainfall, hail, and possibly even tornadoes)

A

Cumulonimbus clouds

118
Q

Three classifications of clouds

A
  1. Color
  2. Shape
  3. Altitude or Height
119
Q

One type of high cloud that is often found in heavy thunderstorms that produce massive rainfall.

A

Cumulonimbus clouds

120
Q

Are very high collections of ice crystals and often indicate the approach of a cold front and that weather is about to change.

A

Cirrus clouds

121
Q

Is essentially a low cloud with a base that is very near the ground, often reducing the visibility in the area around it.

A

Fog

122
Q

The general circulation of wind across the earth is caused by the ______ heating of earth’s surface through solar input, and by the earth’s rotation.

A

uneven

123
Q

At the ______, solar radiation input and temperature are greatest because of the shape and
tilt of the globe relative to the sun.

A

equator

124
Q

______ latitudinal circulation cells transport heat from the equator to the poles.

A

Three

125
Q

The Coriolis Effect is named after French mathematician and physicist ________________.

A

Gaspard-Gustave de Coriolis

126
Q

A phenomenon that causes fluids, like water and air, to curve as hey travel across or above the Earth’s surface.

A

Coriolis Effect

127
Q

Best known for his work on the supplementary forces that are detected in a rotating frame of reference.

A

Gaspard-Gustave de Coriolis

128
Q

Are prevailing winds from the west toward the east in the middle latitudes between 30- and 60-degrees latitude.

A

Westerlies / Antitrades

129
Q

They originate from the high-pressure areas in the horse latitudes and trend towards the poles and steer extratropical cyclones in this general manner.

A

Westerlies / Antitrades

130
Q

Are the permanent east-to-west prevailing winds that flow in the Earth’s equatorial region.

A

Easterlies

131
Q
  • Are regions located at about 30 degrees north and south of
    the equator.
  • These latitudes are characterized by calm winds
    and little precipitation.
A

Horse Latitudes

132
Q

Near the equator is another region of light and variable winds called the ______, or the ______. This is the area of maximum solar heating, where surface air rises and flows toward both poles.

A

doldrums, intertropical convergence zone

133
Q

First observed in 1946, are narrow bands of high-speed winds that circle each hemisphere like great rivers, at elevations extending from 2.5 or 3 miles to above the tropopause.

A

Jet Streams

134
Q

Are large bodies of air with fairly consistent temperature and humidity gradients in the horizontal direction at a given altitude.

A

Air masses

135
Q

Two Classification of air masses

A
  • Source of generation
  • Latitude of generation
136
Q

Source of air masses from which they were generated.

A
  1. Land (continental), c
  2. Water (maritime), m
137
Q

Latitude of generation of air masses.

A
  1. Tropical (hot), T
  2. Polar (cold), P
  3. Arctic (cold), A
  4. Antarctic (cold), AA
138
Q

The boundary between one air mass and another is called a _______.

A

frontal zone, or front.

139
Q

When cold air moves under warm air, which is less dense, and pushes the warm air up.

A

Cold front

140
Q

Associated with:

  • Frequent rain with possible thunderstorms.
  • Cooler temperature and dryer air after front passes.
A

Cold front

141
Q

When hot air pushes against the cold air.

A

Warm front

142
Q

Associated with light rain, and humid temperatures.

A

Warm front

143
Q

Air masses on either side of the boundary are not moving or are barely moving.

A

Stationary front

144
Q

Associated with cloudy and overcast with light showers. Conditions do not change until another system passes through.

A

Stationary front

145
Q

When warm front is overtaken by a cold front.

A

Occluded front

146
Q

Associated with severe snowstorms.

A

Occluded front

147
Q
  • Generation of a cyclone.
  • Process or start of a cyclone.
A

Cyclogenesis

148
Q
  • Dissipation of a cyclone.
  • End of a cyclone.
A

Cyclolysis

149
Q

Indicator that a strong weather phenomenon will occur.

A

Occluded front

150
Q

Are tropical storms that form over the North Atlantic Ocean and Northeast Pacific.

A

Hurricanes

151
Q

Are formed over the South Pacific and Indian Ocean

A

Cyclones

152
Q

Are formed over the Northwest Pacific Ocean.

A

Typhoons

153
Q

Activity that is characterized by cumulonimbus clouds that can produce heavy rainfall, thunder, lightning, and occasionally hail.

A

Thunderstorm

154
Q

Are the result of strong vertical movements in the atmosphere.

A

Thunderstorms

155
Q

Hydrologic Cycle based on the diagram.

A

P - precipitation
R - runoff (surface)
T - transpiration
E - evaporation
F - infiltration
G - grounwater flow

156
Q

Each path of the hydrologic cycle involves one or more of what following aspects?

A

I. Transportation of Water
II. Temporary Storage of Water
III. Change of State of Water

157
Q

The main components of the hydrologic cycle can be broadly classified as ________ (flow) components and ________ components as below:

A

transportation, storage

158
Q

Transportation Components

A
  • Precipitation
  • Evaporation
  • Transpiration
  • Infiltration
  • Runoff
159
Q

Storage components of precipitation.

A

Storage on Land Surface

160
Q

Storage components of evaporation.

A

Soil Moisture Storage

161
Q

Storage components of transpiration.

A

Groundwater Storage

162
Q

Denotes all forms of water that reach the earth from the atmosphere.

A

Precipitation

163
Q
  • Made of liquid water droplets falls when temperatures in the air and at the surface are above freezing (32°F, 0°C).
  • Can start as water droplets or ice crystals in a cloud but always falls as liquid water.
A

Rain

164
Q
  • The balls of ice that fall from clouds and can even put dents in cars.
  • Created in thunderstorm clouds.
  • Water droplets form in the cloud and get pushed upward, where temperatures are colder.
A

Hail

165
Q
  • The icy precipitation that forms when a thin layer of warmer air comes between layers of cold air.
  • A top layer of below-freezing air creates ice crystals that melt as they fall through a thin layer of above-freezing air.
  • If there’s enough room between the warmer air and the ground, the water droplets re-freeze in a bottom layer of below-freezing air and fall as _____.
A

Sleet

166
Q
  • Falls like rain, but as soon as it touches the ground, it freezes! It starts as ice crystals.
  • The ice crystals melt and turn into water droplets as they go through a layer of above-freezing air.
  • If the temperature in a thin layer of air at the surface is below freezing, the water droplets freeze when they land.
A

Freezing rain

167
Q
  • Is a frosty kind of snow.
  • It forms in below-freezing temperatures when snow crystals in the cloud collide with very cold-water droplets.
  • The water droplets freeze loosely onto the snow, giving graupel a slushy texture.
A

Graupel

168
Q
  • Falls when all the air between the cloud and Earth’s surface is below freezing.
  • If you look at snowflakes closely, you can see their unique and beautiful shapes.
A

Snow

169
Q

Classifications of precipitation

A
  • Light Rain - trace to 2.5 mm/h
  • Moderate Rain - 2.5 mm/h – 7.5 mm/h
  • Heavy Rain >7.5 mm/h
170
Q

Classifications of precipitation

A
  • Light Rain - trace to 2.5 mm/h
  • Moderate Rain - 2.5 mm/h – 7.5 mm/h
  • Heavy Rain >7.5 mm/h
171
Q

Is an instrument used by meteorologists and hydrologists to gather and measure the amount of liquid precipitation over a predefined area, over a period of time?

A

Rain Gauge

172
Q

As this type of rain gauge can also be used to measure snow, it is alternatively known as a _______.

A

cylindrical rain/snow gauge

173
Q

It consists of a cylindrical vessel with a uniform diameter from top to bottom and an orifice at the top. It does not have a funnel.

A

Cylindrical rain gauge

174
Q

Cylindrical rain gauges are regulated by?

A

Commission for Instruments and Methods of Observation (CIMO)

175
Q

Are the type used at non-automated observatories. With such devices, the observer takes measurements using a rain-measuring glass at regular intervals.

A

Ordinary rain gauges

176
Q

It enables automatic, continuous measurement and recording of precipitation.

A

Siphon rain gauge

177
Q

This type of rain gauge generates an electric signal (i.e., a pulse) for each unit of precipitation collected, and allows automatic or remote observation with a recorder or a counter. The only requirement for the instrument connected to the rain gauge is that it must be able to count pulses.

A

Tipping Bucket rain gauge

178
Q

The airflow around the rain gauge should be as _______ as possible.

A

horizontal

179
Q

Avoid sites that are ______, _______ or _______.

A

concave, elevated or tilted

180
Q

Choose a site ______ from precipices or mountain ridges, where local winds are strongly distorted.

A

far

181
Q

Avoid sites where the wind blows through or _______.

A

stagnates

182
Q

Choose sites ________ from other instruments, trees or buildings.

A

away

183
Q

Ideally, the instrument should be installed at a distance from such objects equivalent to at least ______ their height.

A

two to four times

184
Q

As the wind speed near the ground increases with height, the efficiency of precipitation collection the _________ higher a gauge is placed.

A

decreases

185
Q

Accordingly, the receptacle should be placed as _______ as possible.

A

low

186
Q

However, too low a setting will result in the _______ of splashed rainwater from the ground or the introduction of ground snow in the case of a snowstorm.

A

entry

187
Q

The ground surface around the rain gauge should be ________and _______ to prevent raindrops from splashing into the unit from outside.

A

flat and covered with short grass (lawn) or gravel

188
Q

Is effective in reducing the influence of wind?

A

Windshield

189
Q

Types of Windshield

A
  • Nipher Windshield (Canada_
  • Sweeden type (Sweeden)
  • Cylindrical type (Japan)
  • Tretyakov type (Russia)
  • Norway type (Norway)

CE 3A Review (3 decks)

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