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Geography - physical > hydrology and fluvial > Flashcards

hydrology and fluvial Flashcards

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1
Q

flows

A

movement of water from 1 store to another

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2
Q

store

A

where water is kept

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3
Q

drainage basin

A

total area of land drained by a river and its tributaries

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4
Q

open system

A

water moves across the boundary into and from other drainage basins

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5
Q

inputs

A

precipitation

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6
Q

outputs

A

evapotranspiration and runoff

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7
Q

stores

A

river channels, kales, vegetation and soil moisture

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8
Q

total amount of precipitation in drainage basin

A

more rainfall = more infiltration, percolation is increased so water table may rise

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9
Q

intensity of precipitation in drainage basin

A

heavy rain = ground saturated quickly = more surface runoff and increased channel flow

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10
Q

type of precipitation in drainage basin

A

infiltration = quickest with rain

snow takes a while to melt = longer to infiltrate

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11
Q

distribution of precipitation in drainage basin

A

if falls directly on river channel = affects river quicker

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12
Q

interception

A

water that’s caught and stored by vegetation

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13
Q

interception loss

A

water that’s retained by plant surfaces and water is later evaporated away/absorbed by plant

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14
Q

through flow

A

water that falls through the gaps in vegetation or drops from leaves

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15
Q

stem flow

A

water that trickles along twigs and branches

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16
Q

factors affecting rates of evaporation

A 
temp -  warmer = more 
humidity - higher = slower
wind speed = faster = more
albedo = lighter = less
water available = less = less
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17
Q

potential evaporation

A

water loss that would occur if there was an unlimited supply of water

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18
Q

infiltration

A

process in which water soaks into/absorbed by soil

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19
Q

infiltration capacity

A

max. rate at which rain can be absorbed by soil in a given condition

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20
Q

duration of rainfall affects rates of infiltration/surface run off

A

SR increases, longer the duration

infiltration decreases, longer the duration

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21
Q

vegetation cover affects rates of infiltration/surface run off

A

SR increases

I stays low in bare earth, in forest decreases slowly over time

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22
Q

antecedent soil moisture affects rates of infiltration/surface run off

A

saturated, SR increases

I lower in wet soil

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23
Q

raindrop size affects rates of infiltration/surface run off

A

SR increases as bigger

I decreases as bigger

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24
Q

soil porosity affects rates of infiltration/surface run off

A

SR decreases with porosity

I increases with porosity

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25
Q

slope angel affects rates of infiltration/surface run off

A

SR increases with steeper

I decreases with steeper

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26
Q

Hortonian flow

A

soil not saturated but water can not infiltrate. water flows over the surface as overland flow

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27
Q

Saturated overland flow

A

soil full up of water so can not take any more so water flows over surface as overland flow

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28
Q

ground water

A

subsurface water comes from precipitation onto the land

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29
Q

recharge

A

filing of water in pores where water has been dried up or extracted by human activities

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30
Q

discharge of groundwater

A

water from underground coming up to surface

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31
Q

how does recharge occur?

A

Infiltration of precipitation
seepage through the banks and beds of river
Leakage from adjacent aquifers and rocks

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32
Q

where does discharge of groundwater occur?

A

aquifer fills up with water reaches land surface, where flows from ground as springs

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33
Q

aquifer

A

rock underground storing groundwater in it

34
Q

river regime

A

annual variation in the flow of a river, shown on annual hydrograph

35
Q

discharge

A

volume of water passing along rivers channel over given period of time

36
Q

flood hydrographs

A

used to plot rivers discharge during 1 single event

37
Q

storm hydrographs

A

shows amount of rainfall during storm event

38
Q

type/amount precipitation affects shape of hydrograph

A

high intense = quick overland flow

low intensity = infiltrates slowly

39
Q

soil moisture affects shape of hydrograph

A

if rain previously, ground = saturated = quick overland flow

40
Q

drainage basin shape affects shape of hydrograph

A

rounder = respond quicker

41
Q

drainage basin size affects shape of hydrograph

A

smaller = quicker , shorter lag time

42
Q

drainage density affects shape of hydrograph

A

high DD = quicker , shorter lag time

43
Q

geology affects shape of hydrograph

A

impermeable - more overland flow, increase peak flow

44
Q

gradient affects shape of hydrograph

A

steeper = more overland flow, shorter lag time, higher peak flows

45
Q

vegetation type affects shape of hydrograph

A

broader leaf, intercepts more rainfall, reduces overland flow , longer lag time

46
Q

land use affects shape of hydrograph

A

impermeable surface = reduced vegetation = increased overland flow/shorter lag time

47
Q

gradient

A

angle the slope which river runs

48
Q

velocity

A

distance divided by time

49
Q

cross-sectional area

A

width x mean depth

50
Q

discharge

A

vol. water passing through a river at a given point

51
Q

discharge

A

vol. water passing through a river at a given point

52
Q

hydraulic radius

A

cross-sectional area divided by wetted perimeter

53
Q

hydraulic action

A

force of water on banks of river

54
Q

abrasion

A

wearing away of beds/banks by load carried

55
Q

attrition

A

wearing away of load carried by a river

56
Q

corrosion

A

removal of chemical ions

57
Q

suspension

A

fine clay particles carried along within water

58
Q

saltation

A

small stones bounced along river bed at times of high discharge

59
Q

traction

A

boulders/pebbles rolled along river

60
Q

solution

A

minerals dissolved

61
Q

thalweg

A

line of fastest movement in meander

62
Q

Point bar

A

occurs on inside of bend of meander when deposition accumulates

63
Q

floodplain

A

formed when rivers burst banks and flood on regular basis

64
Q

levees

A

coarse material deposited near channel during repeated floods

65
Q

alluvial fans

A

alluvium is dropped by river when looses momentum

66
Q

deltas

A

when river flows into standing body of water

67
Q

ARCUATE

A

deposition into fan shape, LSD occurs

68
Q

BIRD FOOT

A

when river brings down fine salt, carried for long distances

69
Q

CUSPATE

A

deposition occurs into a points like a tooth

70
Q

Human Impact on interception/infiltration

A 
urbanisation = impermeable surfaces with compact soil 
deforestation = decreases infiltration
71
Q

Human Impact on interception/infiltration

A 
urbanisation = impermeable surfaces with compact soil 
deforestation = decreases infiltration
72
Q

causes of floods : types of precipitation

A

by heavy rainfall - if falls as snow, water stored in surface until melts

73
Q

causes of floods : vegetation

A

limited on surface then no interception = increase surface run off

74
Q

causes of floods : climate

A 
dry = water can't penetrate soil 
wet = saturated = excess water
75
Q

causes of floods : rock type

A

permeable/porous water infiltrates = slow lag time

impermeable water can’t infiltrate = increase overland flow

76
Q

flooding solutions : prediction

A

weather satellites to predict high rainfall

river gauges to study river levels

77
Q

flooding solutions : preparing people

A

loss sharing adjustments

78
Q

flooding solutions : prevention

A

hard engineering = defence schemes, halting natural processes
soft engineering = use of natural environment

79
Q

hard engineering

A

embankments
construction of water holding areas
dams/réservoirs

80
Q

soft engineering

A

reseeding vegetation

afforestation

81
Q

drought

A

extended period of dry weather

Geography - physical (3 decks)

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