Hydrology Flashcards
Actual velocity of flow and discharge is _____ (synonymous, not) for groundwater hydrology
Not.
What is a water table aquifer
Unconfined aquifer
Storativity is synonymous to storage coefficient, true or false.
True
Hydraulic conductivity = permeability,. True or false
True
Artesian aquifer = confined aquifer, true or false
True
Formula for discharge velocity
V = K i = K ((H2-H1)/L)
K- coefficient of permeability or hydraulic conductivity
i- hydraulic gradient
Formula for actual is
Vact = V / n
V-discharge velocity
n- porosity
Darcy’s law is valid in porous media flow if the Reynold’s number is less than unity. This Reynolds number is defined as…
(Discharge velocity X average grain size)/u
The flow capacity if an aquifer per unit width under unit hydraulic gradient and is equal to the product of permeability times the saturated thickness of the aquifer.
Transmissibility
When there is an increase in the atmospheric pressure, the water level in a well penetrating a confined aquifer will _____. (Decrease, increase?)
Decrease
It is the discharge per unit drawdown at the well
Specific capacity
Maximum head of shallow wells
6m
Beyond 6m well is called
Deep wells
The overall instantaneous condition of the atmosphere at a certain place and time
Weather
Layer of the atmosphere where all weather occurs, it is where 4/5 of the clouds located
Troposphere, lowest location
Temperature at which saturation occurs.
Dew point
Mean atmospheric pressure at sea level is
1 atm, 14.7 psi, 760 mmHg, and 1013.25mb(millibar)
For unconfined aquifer, the storage coefficient is equal to ___
Specific yield
Light steady rain in fine drops that are < 0.5mm in size and intensity of < 1mm/hr.
Drizzle
It is the zone of low pressure area with anticlockwise winds in the northern hemisphere.
Tropical cyclone, clockwise in southern hemisphere
Is occurs due to air masses being lifted to higher altitudes by the presence of mountain barriers
Orographic precipitation
A plot between rainfall intensity vs. time is called.
Hyetograph.
What do you call the mountain side, with reference to the wind direction, in which the air mass passing through it is cold and dry.
Leeward or rainshadow area
Total water lost from a cropped or irrigated land due to evaporation from the soil and transpiration by the plants or used by the plants in building up of plants tissue.
Evapotranspiration
Consumptive use is collectively called evapotranspiration
The recommended standard method for the definition and computation of the reference evapotranspiration.
FAO Penman- monteith
Data compilation method for frequency analysis where all values above a given base are chosen regardless of the nom within a given period.
Partial duration series
The average interval of time within the magnitude of given event will be equalled or exceeded at least on the average.
Return period
Hat is the color rainfall warning if the observed rainfall is 7.5 mm to 15mm within 1 hr.
Yellow rainfall warning, Heavy rainfall
What rainfall intensity if less than 2 t.5mm observed in 1 hr and expected to continue in the next 2 hrs.
Light rainfall
What rainfall intensity if 2 5mm to 7.5mm rainfall is observed in 1 hr and expected to continue in the next 2 hrs.
Moderate rainfall
What color rainfall warning if the observed rainfall is 15mm to 30mm within 1 hr.
Orange rainfall warning, intense rainfall
What color rainfall warning if the observed rainfall is greater than 30 mm within 1 hr and greater than 65mm for the past 3 hrs.
Red rainfall warning, torrential rainfall
A rain gauge that measures very small amounts of precipitation
Obmrometer
The greatest distance at which an observer can see and identify prominent objects
Horizontal visibility
Air in motion relative to the Earth’s surface
Wind
It measured wind speed
Anemometer
It measures the vapor content of the atmosphere
Hygrometer
In synoptic weather stations, wind vector is measured ______ above the ground surface
10 m
Rain bearing clouds
Any cloud classification that has nimbos in its name.
A general name for any instrument used to measure the intensity of radiant energy from the sun.
Actinometer
Measures the specific gravity and liquid density
Hydrometer
An actinometer that measures the intensity of direct solar radiation
Pyrheliometer
An actinometer that measures global radiation, the combined intensity of direct solar radiation and diffuse sky radiation.
Pyranometer
Actinometer that measures the effective terrestrial radiation
Pyrgeometer
A type of actinometer, an instrument that measures the intensity if radiant energy by employing a thermally sensitive electrical resistor
Bolometer
An instrument for measuring the ultraviolet in solar and sky radiation
Dosimeter
An instrument for measuring the luminance, luminous intensity or illuminance of a light source
Ohotometer
An instrument that measures radiated electromagnetic power
Radiometer
The lead time for a TCWS#5 is
12 hrs
The ratio of the mass of water vapor in a given volume of air to the mass of dry air.
Mising ratio
In calculating ET using FAO Penman-monteith model, wind speed measurement should be taken ______ above the ground
2m
The envelope of gasses that surround a planet and are held to it by the planet’s gravitational attraction
Atmosphere
Transition zone between two distinct air masses
Front
When the air has the same characteristics in terms of temperature and density, it is called?
Air masses
At 20 degrees Celsius, the required amount of energy to vaporize 1kg of water is
2.54 KJ
Term synonymous to return period is
Recurrence interval
Rainfall reading of less than 1/100 of an inch(0.01in) or 1/10 of a millimeter(0.1mm)
Trace
An increase in air temperature with height
Inversion. (Inverse kasi as height increases the temperature decreases (usual).
Inversion happens in what level of atmosphere
Stratosphere
A line that connects points of equal elevation above a reference level, most often sea level
Contour
A line that connects points of equal rainfall
Isohyet
A line that connects points of equal pressure
Isobar
The process of water lost from adjacent soil, water surfaces and leaf surfaces
Evaporation
Water loss through stomata
Transpiration
Evaporation gauge is synonymous to
Atmometer, evaporimeter, and atmidometer
Maximum sustained winds are_____
10 min. average of wind measured 10m above the ground.
Refers to an increase in the primary productivity
of any ecosystem caused by the increase of
chemical nutrients, typically compounds of N & P
Ecological succession or Eutrophication
Ecological succession
b. Eutrophication
Weather
the total weather condition of an area as
generalized over a long period of time, i.e. seasons,
years, decades
Climate
atmospheric condition over a short duration,
particularly the combination of heat, moisture and wind
characteristics of the atmosphere in a day
Weather
fraction of the incident radiation that is reflected by
an object
Albedo
Stronger high and low tides
• During new and full moon (earth, moon and sun are
parallel or in-line)
• Moon’s pull is supplemented or offset by sun’s gravity
Spring Tide
Smaller high and low tides
• Moon is in the 1st and 3rd quarter (forms 900with the sun)
• Moon’s pull is stronger but the sun’s gravity lessens it.
Neap Tide
The kind of climate that prevail over a large
region of the earth’s surface.
Macroclimate
areas up to several square miles (e.g.
river valleys, mountain areas, basins &
watersheds, shores, urban areas)
Mesoclimate
over short distances, or within few feet or
inches (e.g. streets, immediate plant
surroundings, garden plot
Microclimate
The level/zone of the atmosphere which
contains 4/5 of its mass and where most
clouds form
Troposphere
When the incoming radiation from the sun
strikes an obstruction in the atmosphere, it
becomes
Long wave radiation
Most of the sun’s radiation is____
reach the earth’s surface, around 47%
The additional force or acceleration acting on
the motion of bodies in a rotating system of
reference
Coriolis effect
The Philippines is under what type of
climate?
Tropical
These are large scale seasonal winds and are
the seasonal version of diurnal land and sea
breeze.
Monsoon
Winds that blow westward and toward the
equator in both northern and southern
hemisphere.
Trade winds
Fronts that move in such a way that
the warm air advances and the cold
air retreats.
Warm front
are air-mass boundaries that lie along line of
low pressure
Fronts
are air-mass boundaries that lie along line of
low pressure
Fronts
the cold air
advances and the warm
air retreats
Cold Front
combination
of the warm and cold front,
where cold air overtakes and
lifts the warm front
Occluded Front
temporarily
fixed boundary between polar
and tropical air
masses
Stationary Front
It is an atmospheric zone near the equator
where the north and south trade winds meet,
varying in position and extent according to
the season.
ITCZ
Oceanic and atmospheric phenomenon
characterized by unusually warm ocean
current conditions causing climatic
disturbances of varying severity.
El Niño
A requisite for the occurrence of a tornado a. Wide flat land b. Low pressure area c. Warm front d. Presence of mountains
a. Wide flat land
warm moist air in the lower atmosphere
much colder and drier air aloft
✓ wide land
✓ something to give the air near the ground an upward shove.
(often this is heated air that wants to rise, because
it’s lighter that the surrounding air
An instrument use to measure continuous
record of air temperature.
Thermograph
the study of animal and plant life cycle as
affected by seasonal variations of climate
Phenology
Is the temperature at which the air, if cooled,
will attain saturation.
Dew point temperature
Is the primary cause of condensation and,
hence, is responsible for most precipitation. It
results mainly from expansion of air mass
produced from a decrease in atmospheric
pressure.
Adiabatic cooling
These are the initial process in the formation of precipitation
condensation or sublimation of atmospheric moisture
results mainly from expansion of air mass which
results from a decrease in atmospheric pressure
Adiabatic cooling
triggered primarily
by the upward or vertical motion of air
masses
Adiabatic cooling
results from the
differential heating of air masses near the
ground surface resulting in the upward
movement of warmer air masses.
Convective precipitation
Moist air masses moving over mountain barriers are cooled, resulting in condensation and precipitation
Orographic precipitation
Are associated with the movement of air masses due
to differences in barometric pressure
cyclonic precipitation
A type of weir used when accurate
measurement of low streamflow is required
Sharp-crested
weir cross-sections that is
appropriate for high streamflow
Rectangular
An artificial open channel built to contain and
measure streamflow and appropriate for
sediment-laden flows.
Flume
