Hydrographic Services Flashcards
Give 9 things that Hydrography Supports
- Safety of Navigation
- Protection of the Marine Environment
- National Infrastructure Development
- Coastal Zone Management
- Marine Exploration
- Resource Exploitation
- Maritime Boundary Delimitation
- Maritime Defence and Security
- Disaster Management
What is the cost-benefit ration for carrying out a hydrographic survey for major maritime nations?
1:10
What 4 things does an investment in a national hydrographic survey allow?
- Improvements to safety and efficiency at sea
- Increased protection of the marine environment
- Advanced national development
- Charting and Identification of areas at risk from SLR
Give 5 reasons why National Hydrographic Services are required
- Too few coastal states support hydrography at a national level
- Many coastal states lack adequate charts and supporting services
- There are treats to safety at sea
- Many services exist but are not appreciated
- Many governments are unaware of their international obligations to ensure charting is in place
Which 2 companies are setting the global standard?
UKHO & MCA
In 2011, how many states had signed up to SOLAS? and what how many have now?
2011 - 159
Now - 163
What is SOLAS?
The International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea (1974)
What was SOLAS developed in response to?
The Titanic
What is the main objective of SOLAS?
To specify the minimum standards for the construction, equipment and operation of ships
Who is responsible for ensuring vessels comply with SOLAS?
The Flag State
Which chapter of SOLAS focuses on Safety of Navigation and when did it come into force?
5
July 2002
Chapter 5 of SOLAS is implemented through which piece of UK legislation?
The Merchant Shipping (Safety of Navigation) Regulations 2002
Under Chapter 5 (Regulations 9 and 4) of SOLAS what must each member state ensure?
- Hydrographic Surveys are carried out
- Appropriate nautical charts and publications are available and up-to-date
- Maritime Safety Information is promulgated to marine users
When was UNCLOS developed?
1982
Under UNCLOS charts are needed to support which 7 things?
- Establishing Baselines
- Delimiting Sea Areas
- Identifying traffic separation schemes
- Identifying sea lanes and passage routes
- Deploying subsea cables and pipelines
- Conducting of seafloor drilling
- Conducting of marine science research
Where is there currently a lot of debate over maritime boundaries?
The South China Sea (Spratly Islands)
What does the United Nations General Assembly produce?
Resolutions
What was the most significant resolution produced by the United Nations General Assembly and when was it approved?
A53/32: that states should cooperate in carrying out hydrographic surveys and providing nautical services as well as having uniformity and worldwide availability
Approved in November 1998
What does Resolution A/55/7 (2001) state?
That delineation of the continental shelf under UNCLOS requires hydrographic and geoscientific surveying and mapping
What does Resolution A/56/12 (2001) state?
That we should be providing the necessary assistance to MS in developing countries to enhance their hydrographic capabilities for safety of navigation and protecting the marine environment
What does Resolution A/58/240 (2004) state?
Encouragement of increased membership of IHO states and encouragement of intensified efforts to built capacity for developing countries
When was the IHO established?
1921
What are the 3 main aims of the IHO?
- To promote the use of hydrography and to raise global awareness of its importance
- To improve global hydrographic capabilities and capacity
- To establish international standards and achieve uniformity in the use of the standards
How many IHO member states were there in 2014?
82 + 7 Pending
What is COSH?
The committee on shipping hydrography
What is MCA?
Maritime Coastguard Agency
What is UKHO?
United Kingdom Hydrographic Office
What is CHRC?
The Civil Hydrographic Review Committee
What is CHP?
The Civil Hydrography Programme
How leads the CHP?
MCA
What area is the UK responsible for under the CHP?
720,000 sq.km
What is the aim with regards to CHP surveys?
To have all waters mapped with MBES
Where has recently been surveyed under the CHP and why?
Dover Straits (2014) because of the 15m high mobile sandwaves and the need for 23.5m depths in the deep draft route
Give 4 survey technologies used in the CHP
- High resolution MBES
- RTK GPS
- Grab
- Magnetometer
Where is date verified and QC?
UKHO Bathymetric Data Centre
What is the minimum standard that CHP surveys must be conducted to?
IHO Order 1A
What philosophy does the MCA work to follow?
Gather once, use many times
What was INIS Hydro?
A collaborative mapping project between Ireland, Northern Ireland and Scotland between Jan 2011 and March 2014
In what year was there a Pan-Government Memorandum of Understanding on Hydrographic Data Sharing ?
2009
Give 5 ways in which the CHP has been made more accessible
- Coordinating government commissioned survey efforts
- Sharing the CHP survey spec.
- Prodiding survey/technical management advice
- Accessible data via UKHO
- Further analysis on the seabed samples by BGS
