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Hydrogeology Flashcards

1
Q

Area of Influence

A

The area within which the potentiometric surface is lowered by withdrawal or raised by injection of water through a well.

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2
Q

Aquifer

A

A geologic unit that is saturated and sufficiently permeable to transmit significant economic quantities of water to wells and springs.

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3
Q

Capillary Fringe

A

The lowest part of the vadose zone, immediately above the water table, where water is under pressure that is less than atmospheric pressure.

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4
Q

Confined Aquifer

A

An aquifer overlain by a confining layer of low permeability.

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5
Q

Connate Water

A

(Fossil Water) Water trapped in the pores of a sedimentary rock at the time of deposition.

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6
Q

Darcy

A

A unit of intrinsic permeability = 9.87x10-9cm2

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7
Q

Darcy’s Law

A

This equation describes groundwater flow.
Q=KiA.

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8
Q

Discharge Area

A

An area where subsurface water is discharged to land, bodies of water, or the atmosphere.

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9
Q

Effective Porosity

A

The percentage of the total volume of a soil or rock that consists of interconnected pore space.

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10
Q

Field Capacity

A

The quantity of water held by the soil or rock against the pull of gravity. It is dependent on the length of time the soil or rock has been undergoing gravity drainage.

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11
Q

Flow Net

A

Two-dimensional representation of flow lines and equipotentials

(equipotential lines are perpendicular to flow lines)

(Flow line traces path of water particle, visualizes groundwater flow direction)

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12
Q

Ghyben-Herzberg Principle

A

The principle that states that the depth to which fresh water extends below sea-level is approximately 40 times the height of the water table above sea level.

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13
Q

Head

A

A measure of the potential energy of a fluid at any given point with respect to a given datum.

Th elevation to which water rises at a given point as a result of reservoir pressure.

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14
Q

Hydraulic Conductivity (K)

A

The capacity of a porous medium to transmit water.

The rate at which fluid can move through a permeable medium depends on properties of the fluid (viscosity and specific weight) and properties of the medium (intrinsic permeability).

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15
Q

Hydraulic Gradient (I)

A

Rate of change in total head per unit of distance of flow in a given direction

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16
Q

Intrinsic Permeability (k_i)

A

A property of the porous medium that measures the relative ease with which a fluid can be transmitted through it under a hydraulic gradient.

It is dependent upon the pore size and is measured in Darcys.

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17
Q

Juvenile Water

A

Water that is derived directly from magma and is thought to have come to the Earth’s surface for the first time.

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18
Q

Meinzer

A

A unit of hydraulic conductivity in gpd/ft2.

The rate of flow in gallons per day through a cross section of 1 square foot under a hydraulic gradient at 60ºF.

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19
Q

Perched Groundwater

A

Unconfined groundwater separated from an underlying body of groundwater by an unsaturated zone.

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20
Q

Permeability

A

The property of a porous rock or soil for transmitting a fluid.

It measure the relative ease of flow under unequal pressure.

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21
Q

Porosity (n)

A

The percentage of the bulk volume of a rock or soil that is occupied by void space.

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22
Q

Potentiometric Surface

A

A surface that represents the total head of groundwater and is defined by the level to which water will rise in a well.

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23
Q

Recharge Area

A

An area where water infiltrates downward in to the saturated zone.

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24
Q

Runoff (R)

A

That part of precipitation appearing in surface streams.

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25
Q

Specific Retention (S_r)

A

Ration of the volume of water a soil or rock can retain against gravity drainage to the total volume of the soil or rock, usually a percentage.

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26
Q

Specific Storage (S-s)

A

Amount of water per unit volume of a saturated formation that is stored or expelled from storage due to compressibility of mineral skeleton and pore water per unit change in head.

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27
Q

Specific Yield (Sy)

A

Ratio of the volume of water that drains from a saturated soil or rock due to gravity to the total volume of soil or rock. A percentage.

Specific yield = effective porosity!

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28
Q

Storativity or Storage Coefficient (S)

A

Volume of water that a permeable unit releases from or takes into storage per unit surface area of the aquifer per unit change in head.

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29
Q

Transmissivity (T)

A

The capacity of an aquifer to transmit water of the prevailing kinematic viscosity. T=Kb. where b = saturated thickness of the aquifer.

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30
Q

Unconfined aquifer

A

An aquifer with a water table.

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31
Q

Underflow (U)

A

Groundwater that flows beneath the bed or alluvial plain of a surface stream, especially in arid regions.

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32
Q

Vadose Zone or Zone of Aeration

A

A subsurface zone containing water under pressure that is less than atmospheric pressure.

It is measured from ground surface to the water table.

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33
Q

Water Table

A

The depth where the fluid pressure in the pores of the rock or soil is exactly atmospheric pressure

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34
Q

Watershed

A

The region drained by a stream or body of water or a drainage divide.

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35
Q

Input Sources

A
  1. Deep percolation from precipitation
  2. Seepage from surface water
  3. Groundwater underflow into aquifer
  4. Artificial recharge from irrigation, recharge wells, etc.
  5. Leakage through confining beds
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36
Q

Losses of Groundwater (output sources)

A
  1. Evapotranspiration
  2. Seepage to surface water
  3. Groundwater underflow from aquifer
  4. Discharge to springs
  5. Artificial discharge from wells, infiltration galleries, and drainage systems
  6. Discharge through confining beds.
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37
Q

What is below the water table?

A

Groundwater

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38
Q

What is above the water table?

A

The capillary fringe

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39
Q

What units are used for change in storage (dS)?

A

acre-feet-per year (AFY) or gallons per year (GPY)

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40
Q

What is 1 square mile in acres?

A

640 acres

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41
Q

What is 1 mile in feet?

A

5280 feet

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42
Q

Where is hydraulic pressure greater than atmospheric pressure?

A

Below the water table

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43
Q

Why is the vadose zone important?

A

It supplies water and nutrients to plants, is a zone of human activity, and is the medium that transports water and contaminants and recharges aquifers.

44
Q

Where is hydraulic pressure negative (less than atmospheric pressure)?

A

Above the water table in the capillary fringe.

45
Q

3 types of Preferential Flow:

A
  1. Macro pore flow that occurs along worm holes, root holes, or fractures.
  2. Funneled or focused flow along lenses that may concentrate and deflect the direction of flow.
  3. Unstable flow. i.e flow that breaks through interfaces and creates fungers that become more conducive to water flow, as compared to adjacent areas that are dry,
46
Q

What does the Soil Water Retention Curve show?

A

As the water content increases the metric potential decreases until it approaches zero.

47
Q

The area within which the potentiometric surface is lowered by withdrawal or raised by injection of water through a well.

A

Area of Influence

48
Q

A geologic unit that is saturated and sufficiently permeable to transmit significant economic quantities of water to wells and springs.

A

Aquifer

49
Q

The lowest part of the vadose zone, immediately above the water table, where water is under pressure that is less than atmospheric pressure.

A

Capillary Fringe

50
Q

An aquifer overlain by a confining layer of low permeability.

A

Confined Aquifer

51
Q

(Fossil Water) Water trapped in the pores of a sedimentary rock at the time of deposition.

A

Connate Water

52
Q

A unit of intrinsic permeability = 9.87x10-9cm2

A

Darcy

53
Q

This equation describes groundwater flow.
Q=KiA.

A

Darcy’s Law

54
Q

An area where subsurface water is discharged to land, bodies of water, or the atmosphere.

A

Discharge Area

55
Q

The percentage of the total volume of a soil or rock that consists of interconnected pore space.

A

Effective Porosity

56
Q

The quantity of water held by the soil or rock against the pull of gravity. It is dependent on the length of time the soil or rock has been undergoing gravity drainage.

A

Field Capacity

57
Q

Two-dimensional representation of flow lines and equipotentials

A

Flow Net

58
Q

The principle that states that the depth to which fresh water extends below sea-level is approximately 40 times the height of the water table above sea level.

A

Ghyben-Herzberg Principle

59
Q

A measure of the potential energy of a fluid at any given point with respect to a given datum.

Th elevation to which water rises at a given point as a result of reservoir pressure.

A

Head

60
Q

The capacity of a porous medium to transmit water.

The rate at which fluid can move through a permeable medium depends on properties of the fluid (viscosity and specific weight) and properties of the medium (intrinsic permeability).

A

Hydraulic Conductivity (K)

61
Q

Rate of change in total head per unit of distance of flow in a given direction

A

Hydraulic Gradient (I)

62
Q

A property of the porous medium that measures the relative ease with which a fluid can be transmitted through it under a hydraulic gradient.

It is dependent upon the pore size and is measured in Darcys.

A

Intrinsic Permeability (k_i)

63
Q

Water that is derived directly from magma and is thought to have come to the Earth’s surface for the first time.

A

Juvenile Water

64
Q

A unit of hydraulic conductivity in gpd/ft2.

The rate of flow in gallons per day through a cross section of 1 square foot under a hydraulic gradient at 60ºF.

A

Meinzer

65
Q

Unconfined groundwater separated from an underlying body of groundwater by an unsaturated zone.

A

Perched Groundwater

66
Q

The property of a porous rock or soil for transmitting a fluid.

It measure the relative ease of flow under unequal pressure.

A

Permeability

67
Q

The percentage of the bulk volume of a rock or soil that is occupied by void space.

A

Porosity (n)

68
Q

A surface that represents the total head of groundwater and is defined by the level to which water will rise in a well.

A

Potentiometric Surface

69
Q

An area where water infiltrates downward in to the saturated zone.

A

Recharge Area

70
Q

That part of precipitation appearing in surface streams.

A

Runoff (R)

71
Q

Ration of the volume of water a soil or rock can retain against gravity drainage to the total volume of the soil or rock, usually a percentage.

A

Specific Retention (S_r)

72
Q

Amount of water per unit volume of a saturated formation that is stored or expelled from storage due to compressibility of mineral skeleton and pore water per unit change in head.

A

Specific Storage (S-s)

73
Q

Ratio of the volume of water that drains from a saturated soil or rock due to gravity to the total volume of soil or rock. A percentage.

A

Specific Yield (S_y)

74
Q

Volume of water that a permeable unit releases from or takes into storage per unit surface area of the aquifer per unit change in head.

A

Storativity or Storage Coefficient (S)

75
Q

The capacity of an aquifer to transmit water of the prevailing kinematic viscosity. T=Kb. where b = saturated thickness of the aquifer.

A

Transmissivity (T)

76
Q

An aquifer with a water table.

A

Unconfined aquifer

77
Q

Groundwater that flows beneath the bed or alluvial plain of a surface stream, especially in arid regions.

A

Underflow (U)

78
Q

A subsurface zone containing water under pressure that is less than atmospheric pressure.

It is measured from ground surface to the water table.

A

Vadose Zone or Zone of Aeration

79
Q

The depth where the fluid pressure in the pores of the rock or soil is exactly atmospheric pressure

A

Water Table

80
Q

The region drained by a stream or body of water or a drainage divide.

A

Watershed

81
Q
  1. Deep percolation from precipitation
  2. Seepage from surface water
  3. Groundwater underflow into aquifer
  4. Artificial recharge from irrigation, recharge wells, etc.
  5. Leakage through confining beds
A

Input Sources

82
Q
  1. Evapotranspiration
  2. Seepage to surface water
  3. Groundwater underflow from aquifer
  4. Discharge to springs
  5. Artificial discharge from wells, infiltration galleries, and drainage systems
  6. Discharge through confining beds.
A

Losses of Groundwater (output sources)

83
Q

Groundwater

A

What is below the water table?

84
Q

The capillary fringe

A

What is above the water table?

85
Q

acre-feet-per year (AFY) or gallons per year (GPY)

A

What units are used for change in storage (dS)?

86
Q

640 acres

A

What is 1 square mile in acres?

87
Q

5280 feet

A

What is 1 mile in feet?

88
Q

Below the water table

A

Where is hydraulic pressure greater than atmospheric pressure?

89
Q

It supplies water and nutrients to plants, is a zone of human activity, and is the medium that transports water and contaminants and recharges aquifers.

A

Why is the vadose zone important?

90
Q

Above the water table in the capillary fringe.

A

Where is hydraulic pressure negative (less than atmospheric pressure)?

91
Q
  1. Macro pore flow that occurs along worm holes, root holes, or fractures.
  2. Funneled or focused flow along lenses that may concentrate and deflect the direction of flow.
  3. Unstable flow. i.e flow that breaks through interfaces and creates fungers that become more conducive to water flow, as compared to adjacent areas that are dry,
A

3 types of Preferential Flow:

92
Q

As the water content increases the metric potential decreases until it approaches zero.

A

What does the Soil Water Retention Curve show?

93
Q

1 Meinzer equals:

A
94
Q

1 darcy equals:

A
95
Q

Transmissivity Equation

A
96
Q

Hydraulic Gradient Equation

A

i = dh/l = h1 - h2 / l

hydraulic gradient = change in head / distance between two points where heads are measured

97
Q

Darcy’s Law:

A

vd = -K (h1 - h2 / l) = Q / A

98
Q

Darcy’s Law in terms of Transmissivity:

A

Q = T * i * w

99
Q

Flow rate equation

A

Q = vd *A

or

vd = K*i

100
Q

Seepage velocity equation

A

vs = K*i/ne

101
Q

Ghyben-Herzberg Principle equation

A

Z = 40*ht

102
Q

Methods used to control and prevent salt water intrusion into a fresh water aquifer

A
  1. Controlled pumping to maintatin seaward hydraulic gradient in the fresh-water aquifer
  2. Artificial recharge at the ground surface to maintain seaward gradient.
  3. Placement of pumping trough between ocean and water-supply wells.
  4. Creation of an injection barrier ridge between ocean and water-supply wells.
  5. Construction of a man-made subsurface barrier.
103
Q

Isotopes used to date young groundwater:

A

Tritium (Hydrogen-3)

Chlorofluorocarbons (CFC-11, CFC-12, CFC-113)

Krypton-85

104
Q

Isotopes used to date Old Groundwater (60 - 50,000 years)

A

Radiocarbon (C-12, C-13, C-14)

105
Q

Isotopes used to date Very Old Groundwater

A

Chlorine-36

Krypton-81 81Kr

Helium-4

ASBOG (12 decks)

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