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Hydrogen Technology - From References Flashcards

References from Review Session (and more?)

1
Q

Broom and Book 2014

A

Physisorption. Isosteric Enthalpy of Adsorption. Hydrogen Uptake

See 7/7

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2
Q

Ramirez-Vidal et al 2021

A

Physisorption. Gravimetric measure of absolute adsorption. Pore width Hydrogen density

See 7/10

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3
Q

Webb and Gray 2014

A

Manometric measure. Sieverts PCT. Gravimetric analyser TGA.

See 7/15

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4
Q

Tedds, Walton and Book

A

MOF Cu-BTC Isotherms

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5
Q

Jankowska et al 1991

A

Hydrogen Storage - Porous Materials
Porous Carbon Turbostratic structure

See 7/21

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6
Q

Yang Xia Mokaya 2007

A

Carbon Zeolitic Framework

See 7/22

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7
Q

Yaghi et al 2005

See 7/27

Pores in the evacuated crystalline frameworks are YELLOW

A

Metal Organic Framework

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8
Q

Rosi et al 2003

A

Metal Organic Framework with Zinc Oxide and Organic molecular building blocks

See 7/27

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9
Q

Broom et al 2016

A

Metal Organic Framework.
Small Particles –> High Surface Area –> Higher Hydrogen wt%

But higher gravimetric density –> lower volumetric density

See 7/31

Gravimetric density above 5.5%
Volumetric density above 40g/L
Use 77K for Liquid Nitrogen.
20,000 MOFs in Cambridge structural database

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10
Q

Broom et al 2019

A

Stepped adsorption isotherms with flexible material

See 7/32

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11
Q

Ahluwala and Peng 2009

A

Cryogenic Adsorption

See 7/39

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12
Q

Thomas 2007 and Sandrock 2008

A

Sweet Spot with High wt% and close to ambient temperature

See 7/12 - Porous Materials (and other places)

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13
Q

Hirscher 2003

A

MgH2 Ball Milling to 20nm
Leads to smaller grain size and more grain boundaries. Hydrogen goes in (and comes out) much quicker and at lower temperature.
Smaller size ball milling leads to agglomoration.

See 6/53

Also Niemann (with Catalyst) and Hanada over 5% H wt%

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14
Q

Zlotea et al 2015

A

Destabilising MgH2
Nanoparticles for Hydrogen storage. Chemical crystalisation. Embedded in microporous carbon. Under 2nm particles.
Lower temperatures

See 6/63

Also Orimo and Fuji - Binary phases of Mg with transition metals

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15
Q

Vajo et al 2007

A

Complex Hydrides. Lithium Borohydride. Destabilised intermediary with MgH2.
170 degrees 1 bar.
Reversible.

See A/26

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16
Q

Grashoff et al 1983

Remember the curled up strip picture?

A

Paladium membrane for hydrogen separation.
Incorporate silver to reduce embrittlement.

See 8/17

17
Q

Eberle et al 2009

Not Uberle!

A

Weight of energy storage systems to take a car 500 km.

Compressed 700bar:
6kg (170L) Hydrogen; 125kg (260L) system

Compared with ICE:
33kg, 37L fuel
43kg (46L) System

Compared with Lithium
540kg(360L) “fuel” - batteries
830kg(670L) System

See 3/2

Weights and Volumes. ICE Fuel system considerably smaller.

18
Q

Energy Usage in 2050

A

About 200TWh from Hydrogen

For UK only

19
Q

PEM Membrane example

20
Q

PEM Fuel Cell - Catalyst functions

A
  1. Gas transmission and distribution to electrolyte boundary layer
  2. Electric current flow
  3. Water (moisture) extraction/transport

Maybe some Oxygen related activity

21
Q

Hu and Egardt 2015

“Who has the heart to show tyres on their picture?”

A

Fuel Cell vehicle transmission system
Hydrogen tank
PEM? Fuel Cell
Energy Storage (battery)
Auxilliaries
Electric Motor
Transmission

22
Q

Hu et al 2015

A

Automotive PEM FC layout
Compressor and Humidifier for air.
Control valve for Hydrogen (tank)
Cooling circuit
Recirculation and purge
STACK

Just the PEM - See Hu and Eghardt for Complete System

23
Q

Hydrogen storage mean distances between molecules/atoms

A

1bar ambient: 3.3nm
350bar ambient: 0.54nm
700bar ambient: 0.45nm
Liquid 20K: 0.36nm
Metal hydrides: 0.21nm (atoms) - Westlake

See 3/50 and ??

24
Q

Holladay et al 2009

A

Hydrogen Production techniques:
SMR 70-85% Efficient. Commercial
Alkaline electrolyser 50-60%. Commercial
Biomass gasification 35-50%. Commercial
PEM 55-70%. Near term

See 2/13

25
Q

Vidal 2022

A

Current Hydrogen production:
48% Natural gas
30% Oil
18% Coal
4% Electrolysis and other!

Prices:
Onshore wind electrolysis: under $3/kg
Solar electrolysis: near $4
Wind: above $4
NUCLEAR Electrolysis $2
SMR (with or without CCS): Under $2

26
Q

Enayatizade et al 2019
Shirasaki 2009

SMR methods

A
  1. Desulpherise
  2. Add Steam
  3. Add Heat - Reformer
  4. Shift Conversion (remove water)
  5. PSA Pressure Swing Adsorption - purification

Reforming: CH4 + H2O –> 3H2 + CO (880 °C)
Water Gas Shift: CO + H2O <–> CO2 + H2 (~ 300 °C)

880 = 10 Back to the Futures
300 = Battle of Badr?

Hydrogen Production
Also Shirasaki 2009 - SMR Membrane Reactor = TUBE with Pd

27
Q

Cortes et al 2009

A

Pressure Swing Adsorption
Passing a gas mixture through a high surface area adsorbent with the ability to adsorb impurity gases

Easily adsorbed to non adsorbed
(eg C3H6) – CO, CH4 – O2 – H2

28
Q

Lototskyy et al 2014

A

Metal Hydrides
Reversible Adsorption/Desorption
Metal or Alloy or Intermetallic Compound (LaNi5 TiFe etc)
and
Structure of Hydride: Parent alloy, Change in crystal volume

See 6/7 and 6/24

29
Q

Schlapbach 1988

A

Metal Hydride
Hydrogen disocciation and Potential Energy

See 6/10

30
Q

Züttel 2003

A

Lots from Metal Hydrides
Van’t Hoff equation
LaNi5 and FeTi
Reversible!
Gravimetric v Volumetric Density graph. Low G, high V.

See 6/23 (with Schlapbach 2001) and 6/25

31
Q

Broom et al 2016

Various Heat Exchanger concepts

Not the graph

A
  1. Conventional Tube Fin
  2. Aluminium Honeycomb
  3. Carbon Foam
  4. Aluminium Foam
  5. Compacted and Augments MOF
  6. Micro Channel Heat Exchanger (looks like Shivangi’s PCM frame)

(Fish, Bee, 2 seas, Frame getting squashed, Shivangi)

32
Q

Marban and Valdes-Solis 2007

A

Energy Distribution and an idea for Hydrogen Economy. Nice cartoon graphic.

Hydrogen Technology (6 decks)

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