hydrocarbonss Flashcards
Redhot fe tube
cyclic polymerisation
Alkane to alcohol
decarboxylation of carboxylic acid
NaOH+ CaO
Reduction of phenol
zn
benzene from chlorobenzene
Na-Al alloy/NaOH
Aromatisation/reforming to make benzene
MO2O3/Cl2O3/Al2O3
Fittig
Na dry ether, like wurtz but with halobenzene
Fittig-wurtz:
Na/dry ether
halobenzene and haloalkane
Electrophilic substitution
nitration, halogenation, friedel craft (both), sulphonation
NItration: conc HNO3/conc H2SO4
halogenation: X2/FEX3
Friedel craft- Alkylation: R-X/anhyd AlCl3
- Acylation: RC=OX/ anhyd AlCl3 (given benzene + COR)
Sulphonation: SO3/H2SO4(SO3H gets added)
Addition (benzene) Halogenation Hydrogenation Oxidation Ozonolysis
Halogenation: X2/ hv
Hydrogenation: H2/ Ni-Al
Oxidation: KMnO4/OH
Ozonolysis: O3/Zn H2O
Alkanes
Unsaturated hydrocarbons
H2
Pt/Pd/Ni
Alkanes (Alkyl halide) reduction of alkyl halide wurtz(limitation) corey house grignard
reduction of alkyl halide: Zn/HX
wurtz: Na/dry ether(limitation is that it cant synthesize alkane with odd no. of carbons, mix of alkyl halides given mix of alkanes )
corey house: CuX, Li, R’-X -> R2CuLi -> r-r’
grignard: RMgX
Alkane
Decarboxylation of carboxylic acid
Kolbe’s electrolysis
Decarboxylation of carboxylic acid: NaOH+CaO (R-H+NaOH)
Kolbe’s electrolysis: electricity/H2O
Alkane Substitution
halogenation
nitration
sulphonation
halogenation: X2/hv
nitration: HNO3
Sulphonation: SO3/H2SO4
Alkane combustion catalytic oxidation isomerism aromatisation pyrolisis rxn w steam
combustion: CnH2n+2 + (3n+1/2)O2 -> nCO2+ (n+1)H2O
catalytic oxidation: Red Hot Fe/Cu tube-> alcohol
MO2O3 -> aldehyde
Mn(Ch3COO)2 -> carboxylic acid
tertiary alkane + KMnO4 -> Alcohol
isomerism: anhydrous AlCl3 /HCl
aromatisation: MO2O3/Cr2O3/V2O5 with Al2O3
pyrolisis: lower alkane+alkene
rxn w steam: CH4+H2O-> CO + 3H2
Alkenes
from alkynes
syn addition of H2 for cis H2/pd/C/quinoline
anti addition of H2 for trans Na/liq NH3
Alkene alkyl halide
mono and di
mono alc KOH
di vicinal: Zn
di geminal: Zn and Ch3OH
alkene from alcohol
1: H2SO4
2: 60%H2SO4/heat or 85% H2SO4/heat
3: 25% H3PO4/ heat
alkene from carboxylic acid (and what product does it give?)
H2O/electricity
gives: R=R + 2CO2 + 2Na/KOH + H2
alkene from ester
lig N2/glass wool
O II R-C-O-R' (R'- alkene)
Alkene addition H2 halogenation Hydration Sulphuric acid HOX addition
H2: H2/pt/pd/ni (alkane)
halogenation: X2/H2O
Hydration: H+/H2O (MK rule) (addition of OH)
Sulphuric acid: dil H2SO4 (adds OSO2H)
HOX addition: Mk rule, anti- addition of OH and X
Alkene addition of HX
Symmetrical alkene: HX [reactivity: HI>HBr>HCl]
unsymmetrical alkene: Hx/CCl4 (MK rule)
HBr/perozide (AMK rule)
Alkene Oxidation (2)
Cold/alkaline KMnO4 = CH2-CH2 + MnO2
I I
OH OH
Hot/acidic KMnO4 = RCOOH + H2O + CO2
Alkene Ozonolysis(2)
reductive O3/Zn, H20
oxidative: O3/H2O
Alkene polymerisation
higgh temperature and pressure, catalyst
Alkynes alkyl halide
Geminal: Alc KOH/heat or NaNh2 with heat
Vicinal: Alc KOH/heat + NaNh2 with heat or NaNh2 with heat
alkyne from carboxylic acid
electricity
gives: alkyne+CO2+NaOH+H2
Alkyne from acetylene(C2H2)
Na/liq NH3 + 2R-X (giving R-C-=C-R)
alkyne fromm tetrahalides
Zn
alkyne from Chloroform
Ag/-6AgCl
alkyne by electric arc
c(s)+H2 –electric arc–> C2H2
Alkyne addition hydrogenation halogenation hydrohalogenation hydration
hydrogenation: can form alkane or alkene
halogenation: X2/CCl4
hydrohalogenation: HX(MK rule)
hydration(HgSo4 + H2SO4) H and OH added in anti
Alkyne oxidation
cold kmno2, =o added
alkyne combustion
CnH2n-2 + (3n-1/2)O2 -> nco2+(n-1)H2O
Alkyne ozonolysis
O3/Zn, H2O
Polymerisation
Linear: Cu tube
cyclic: fe tube
