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Chemistry Paper 2 > Hydrocarbons > Flashcards

Hydrocarbons Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the simplest type of hydrocarbon you can get?

A

Alkane

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2
Q

Alkanes a part of what series?

A

Homologous

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3
Q

How many bonds does a carbon atom form?

A

4 single covalent bonds

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4
Q

Alkanes are what type of compounds?

A

Saturated

Each carbon atom forms for single covalent bonds

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5
Q

What is a hydrocarbon?

A

A hydrocarbon is any compound that is formed from carbon and hydrogen atoms only

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6
Q

What is the general formula for alkanes?

A

C H
n 2n+2

(CnH2n+2)

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7
Q

Name the first four alkanes:

A

Methane CH4
Ethane C2H6
Propane C3H8
Butane C4H10

(Pretend all the numbers are in small lol)

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8
Q

The shorter the carbon chain, the less ——- it is

A

Gloopy

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9
Q

The shorter the carbon chain, the more

A

Flammable

And volatile (the lower it’s boiling point/the lower the temperature at which that hydrocarbon vaporises and condenses)

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10
Q

Short chain hydrocarbons with the lower boiling points are used as

A

‘Bottled gases’—- stored under pressure as a liquid in bottles

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11
Q

Complete combustion occurs when:

A

There’s plenty of oxygen

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12
Q

Complete combustion of any hydrocarbon in oxygen releases lots of ——

A

Energy

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13
Q

What are the waste products in complete combustion?

A

Carbon dioxide and water (+ energy)

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14
Q

During combustion, both carbon and hydrogen from the hydrocarbon are oxidised,
define oxidation:

A

Oxidation can be defined as the gain of oxygen

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15
Q

Give me the word equation for complete combustion

A

Hydrocarbon + oxygen ➡️ carbon dioxide + water (+ energy)

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16
Q

Hydrocarbons are used as —- due to the amount of —- released when they combust completely completely

A

Fuels
Energy

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17
Q

You need to know how to write a balanced symbol equation for the complete combustion of a molecular formula e.g. methane CH4. Here is an example for methane below:

A

CH4 + ?O2 ➡️ CO2 + ?H2O

(then work it out like you would to balance a normal symbol equation😝👍)

CH4 + 2O2 ➡️ CO2 + 2H2O

18
Q

The different hydrocarbons have to be separated to make crude oil for useful things such as fuels, what is the process called?

A

Fractional distillation

19
Q

What is crude oil?

A

A fossil fuel formed from the remains of plants and animals, mainly plankton that died millions of years ago and were buried in mud.
Over millions of years with high temperature and pressure the remains turn to crude oil which can be drilled up from the rocks where it’s found .

20
Q

Fossil fuels like coal, oil and gas are —-(-) ———- fuels as it takes so long to make that they’re being used up much faster than they’re being formed. They are —— resources- one day they’ll run out.

A

Non-renewable
Finite

21
Q

Crude oil is a mixture of lots of different ——-, most of which are ——

A

Hydrocarbons
Alkanes

22
Q

The different compounds in crude oil are separated by:

A

Fractional distillation

23
Q

There is a temperature gradient for the gases in a fractionating column
It is ——- near the top of column and —— near the bottom of the column for separating the crude oil in factual distillation

A

Cooler
Hotter

24
Q

There are ——- chains of hydrocarbon in the top of the column and ——- chains of hydrocarbon near the bottom of the column in fractional distillation

A

Smaller
Larger

25
Q

Name the order from top to bottom of the types of crude oil in a fractional distillation column

A

Petrol
Kerosene
Diesel oil
Heavy fuel oil

26
Q

In a fraction in column, the oil is heated until most of it has turned into —-. This enters the fractionating column and the —— bit is drained off

A

Gas
Liquid

27
Q

Longer hydrocarbons have higher —— points.
Shorter hydrocarbons have —— boiling points

A

Boiling
Lower

28
Q

Longer hydrocarbon drain out —— on, nearer the bottom of the fractionating column. Shorter hydrocarbons ——— and drain out much —— on nearerthe top of the column where it’s ——.

A

Earlier
Condensed
Later
Cooler

29
Q

The end result of using a fractionating column is having crude oil mixture separated out into different ——. Each fraction contains a mixture of hydrocarbons that contain a similar number of —— atoms, so have similar —— points.

A

Fractions
Carbon
Boiling

30
Q

Crude oil and it’s many uses in modern life

A

Fuel for modern transportation such as for cars, trains and planes

The petrochemical industry uses some hydrocarbons for crude oil as a feed stock to make new compounds for use and things like polymers lubricants and detergents .

31
Q

Why are you able to get such a variety of products with carbon atoms?

A

Because carbon atoms can bond together to form different groups called homologous series. These groups contain similar compounds with many properties in common.

32
Q

Long chain hydrocarbons form thick gloopy liquids like tar which aren’t as useful as the flammable short chain hydrocarbons which are more flammable and so make good fuels. As a result of this the longer alkane molecules produced from fractional distillation are turned into smaller, more useful ones by process called ——-

A

Cracking

33
Q

As well as alkanes, cracking produces another type of hydrocarbon called ——-.
These are used as a starting material when making lots of other compounds and can be used to make ———

A

Alkenes
Polymers

34
Q

Bromine water can be used to test for

A

Alkenes

35
Q

What happens when orange bromine water is added to an alkane?

A

No reaction will happen and it will stay bright orange

36
Q

What happens if firming water is added to an alkene?

A

Alkenes are more reactive than Alkanes, this means the result is a colourless compound and so the bromine water will be decolourised

(Goes from bright orange to a colourless solution)

37
Q

Cracking is a —— decomposition reaction

A

Thermal

(Breaking molecules down by heating them)

38
Q

1) the first step to cracking is to —- long chain hydrocarbons to ——- them (turn them into gas)
2) then the vapour can be passed over a hot powered ——- ——- catalyst
3) the long chain molecules —- apart on the surface of the specks of catalyst - this is ——— cracking

A

Heat
Vaporise
Aluminium oxide
Split
Catalytic

39
Q

What is steam cracking?

A

You can crack hydrocarbons if you vaporise them, mix them with steam and then heat them to very high temperature. This is known as steam cracking.

40
Q

What is catalytic cracking?

A

When you heat long chain hydrocarbons to vaporise them. The vapour can be passed over hot powdered aluminium oxide catalyst.
The chain molecule split apart on the surface of the specks of catalyst .
This is known as catalyst cracking

41
Q

You need to be able to balance chemical equations for cracking

A

E.g
Decane (ten C atoms) ➡️ octane (eight C atoms) + Ethene (two C atoms)

Chemistry Paper 2 (6 decks)

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