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hydrocarbons Flashcards

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1
Q

organic compounds def

A

compounds that contain carbon atoms covalently bonded to atoms of other elements, usually hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen or chlorine.

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2
Q

homologous series def

A

consists of a family of compounds with the same general formula, and similar chemical properties because they have the same functional group

–> gradual change of physical properties as a result of increase in size and mass of molecules

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3
Q

functional group def (for understanding)

A

atom or combination of atoms which gives organic molecules distinctive chemical properties

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4
Q

alkanes and functional group

A

carbon-carbon single bond (C–C)
general formula: CnH2n+2

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5
Q

alkenes and functional group

A

carbon-carbon double bond (C=C)
general formula: CnH2n

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6
Q

alcohol and functional group

A

hydroxyl (—O–H)
general formula: CnH(2n+1)OH

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7
Q

carboxylic acid and functional group

A

carboxyl O
||
—C–O–H
(–COOH)
general formula: C(n-1)H(2n-1) COOH

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8
Q

meth- prefix, carbon atoms = ?

A

1

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9
Q

eth- prefix, carbon atoms = ?

A

2

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10
Q

prop- prefix, carbon atoms = ?

A

3

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11
Q

but- prefix, carbon atoms = ?

A

4

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12
Q

–ane suffix, homologous series = ?

A

alkane

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13
Q

–ene suffix, homologous series = ?

A

alkene

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14
Q

–ol suffix, homologous series = ?

A

alcohol

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15
Q

–oic acid, homologous series = ?

A

carboxylic acid

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16
Q

alkanes def

A

hydrocarbons that contain only carbon-carbon single bonds and carbon-hydrogen bonds

obtained from fractional distillation of petroleum

17
Q

saturated meaning in terms of alkanes

A

molecule contains only carbon-carbon single bonds. each carbon atom is covalently bonded to four other atoms (single bonds) so no new atom can add to it anymore

18
Q

alkane solubility

A

insoluble in water but soluble in organic solvents like tetrachlormethane (CCl4)

can be used as solvents for other organic compounds (liquid hexane to alkenes)

19
Q

changes in physical properties as size and mass of alkane molecules increases down series

A
  1. melting point and boiling point increases
  2. density increases
  3. viscosity increases
  4. flammability decreases
20
Q

what happens to alkanes during COMPLETE combustion + equation

A

alkanes burn with blue flame without smoke

alkane + oxygen gas –> CO2 + H2O

21
Q

what happens to alkanes during INCOMPLETE combustion

A

alkanes burn with yellow smoky flame to produce products like soot (carbon), CO, H2O

alkane + oxygen –> C(s) + CO (g) + H2O [not always all three]

22
Q

catalyst for a substitution reaction

A

UV light

23
Q

what happens during a substitution reaction

A

a hydrogen atom is substituted to form chloromethane and hydrogen chloride is produced too

eg. methane (CH4 (g)) + chlorine (Cl2 (g)) -UV light-> chloromethane (CH3Cl (g)) + HCl (g)

more hydrogen atoms can be replaced to form products like dichloromethane

24
Q

alkenes def

A

hydrocarbons that contain carbon-carbon double (C=C) bonds

obtained from the cracking of alkanes

25
Q

types of hydrocarbons of alkenes

A

unsaturated hydrocarbons; contains carbon-carbon double bonds, where each carbon atom is covalently bonded to three atoms only

ratio of C:H atoms: 1:2

26
Q

solubility of alkenes

A

insoluble in water but soluble in organic solvents like hexane and tetrachloromethane

not used as solvents as they are reactive, so they can interfere with reactions

27
Q

change of physical properties as size and mass of alkenes increases

A
  1. boiling point increases
  2. density increases
  3. viscosity increases
  4. flammability decreases
28
Q

what happens during combustion of alkenes + eqn

A

burn with sootier flames than alkanes because the percentage of carbon by mass in alkenes is higher than that in alkanes for the same number of carbon atoms present in respective molecules

alkene + oxygen gas –> CO2 + H2O

29
Q

what happens during hydration of alkenes + eqn

A
  1. pressure = 60 atm
  2. temperature = 300 degree celsius
  3. concentrated phosphoric (V) acid as a catalyst

alkenes are converted to alcohol after addition of steam

alkene + steam –> alcohol

30
Q

what happens during hydrogenation

A

hydrogen is added to carbon-carbon double bond at high temperature and pressure to change to alkanes
- nickel (transition metal) as catalyst

alkene + hydrogen –> alkane

31
Q

what happens during bromination

A

important test to distinguish alkanes from alkenes
1. alkene: bromine is decolourised
2. alkane: bromine remains brown, no reaction takes place

32
Q

what is polymerisation

A

it is a process of joining small identical units to form large molecules with a high temperature and pressure and a catalyst

33
Q

what is cracking

A

it is the breaking down of large alkane molecules to produce smaller useful molecules, with the use of high temperatures and pressures without a catalyst

with a catalyst, it is catalytic cracking, which requires aluminium oxide or silicon dioxide as a catalyst, and a high temperature of about 500-700 degree celsius, and a pressure of 1 atm.

two different pathways which lead to different product formation
1. large alkane –> mixture of alkenes + alkane
2. large alkane –> mixture of alkenes + hydrogen

34
Q

isomer def

A

compounds that have the same molecular formulae but different structural formulae

35
Q

straight chain vs branched chain of alkanes

A

straight: all carbon atoms connecting in a single continuous line
branched: carbon atom(s) not connecting in a single continuous line and form a side chain known as alkyl group

36
Q

alkyl group and their names

A
  1. –CH3: methyl
  2. –C2H5: ethyl
  3. –C3H7: propyl
37
Q

steps to naming isomers

A
  1. look for the longest chain of carbon atoms (main chain), named according to number of carbon atoms
  2. identify alkyl groups
  3. indicate position of alkyl groups on the main chain. the position must be the lowest possible number

chemistry (4 decks)

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