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(FINISHED)C7: Organic Chemistry > Hydrocarbons > Flashcards

Hydrocarbons Flashcards

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1
Q

How is crude oil made?

A

Finite resource found in rocks, made by plankton that was buried in mud

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2
Q

What is the formula for alkanes?

A

Cn H2n+2

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3
Q

What are the first four alkanes?

A

Methane, ethane, propane, butane

Monkeys eat peanut butter

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4
Q

What is fractional distillation of crude oil?

A
  • Crude oil is heated so most of it turns into gas, the gas enters a fractionating column
  • The column is hot at the bottom cold at the top
  • The longer hydrocarbons have higher melting points so they are collected at the bottom of the column
  • The short hydrocarbons have lower melting points so they are collected at the top of the column
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5
Q

What does each fraction contain?

A

similar number of carbon atoms so they have similar boiling points

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6
Q

Properties of short chain hydrocarbons?

A 
Short:
Less viscous
More flammable
Lower boiling point
Lighter colour
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7
Q

What is the word equation for complete combustion of a hydrocarbon?

A

Hydrocarbon + oxygen —> carbon dioxide + water

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8
Q

What is cracking?

A

Breaking down hydrocarbons to produce smaller and more useful molecules, alkane into an alkene

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9
Q

What is catalytic cracking?

A

Mineral wool is soaked in liquid paraffin in a test tube with porcelain chips and is heated. A smaller molecule is produced (alkene)

Conditions
High temperature
Slight pressure
Presence of a catalyst (obviously)

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10
Q

What is the formula for alkenes?

A

CnH2n

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11
Q

Properties of alkenes?

A

Double bond between the carbons, unsaturated

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12
Q

What are the conditions for steam cracking?

A

High temperatures

High pressure

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13
Q

What are the first four alkenes?

A

Ethene, propene, butene, pentene

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14
Q

What happens when alkenes are burnt in air, why?

A

Produce a yellow and smokier flame because of incomplete combustion and release less energy compared to alkanes

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15
Q

What is the functional group of alcohols?

A

-OH

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16
Q

What are the first four alcohols?

A

Methanol, ethanol, propanol, butanol

17
Q

What happens when an alcohol reacts with a metal (e.g. sodium)?

A

Alcohol + metal —> salt + Hydrogen

18
Q

What happens when an alkene reacts with hydrogen, halogens and steam?

A

Hydrogen - nickel catalyst at 60 degrees, an alkane is formed
Halogen, halogen is add
Water - Higher temperature, pressure, concentrated phosphoric acid and a catalyst. An alcohol is made (reversible reaction)

19
Q

How do alcohols react when burnt, with sodium and an oxidising agent?

A

Combustion - react with oxygen to give carbon dioxide and water
Sodium - Salt + Hydrogen gas
Oxidising agent (chemical or microbes in the air) forms ethanoic acid

20
Q

What is the functional group for carboxylic acids?

A

-COOH

21
Q

What are the first four carboxylic acids?

A

Methanoic acid, ethanoic acid, propanoic acid, butanoic acid

22
Q

What happens when carboxylic acids react with carbonates?

A

Carbon dioxide produced

23
Q

What happens when carboxylic acids react with alcohols?

A

ester + water

24
Q

What is addition polymerisation?

A

Alkenes are used to make polymers.
When the polymer is made there is no C=C double bond because each monomer needs to bond to the two other monomers on either side to make the polymer.

25
Q

Example of an alkene that makes a polymer?

A

Ethene

Poly(ethene)

26
Q

What are the rules when drawing addition polymerisation?

A

Draw the n and the bonding lines need to go outside of the brackets

27
Q

What is the functional group of an ester?

A

COO-

28
Q

How do you make an ester and what is the bi-product?

A

Alcohol + carboxylic acid

water

29
Q

How do you make alcohol industrially?

A

alkene + water

high temperature, high pressure, catalyst (reversible reaction)

30
Q

What is the test for alkenes?

A

React the alkene with bromine water, if it’s an alkene then the brown bromine water will turn colourless because there the bromine water has reacted with the alkene

(FINISHED)C7: Organic Chemistry (1 decks)

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